Sigma Institute of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Bakrol, Vadodara

Sigma Institute Of Engineering
Department Of Electrical Engineering

Bakrol, Vadodara
Active Learning Assignment Topic On:

HARMONICS INDUCTION TORQUE (CRAWLING)
AND
HARMONIC SYNCHRONOUS TORQUE (COGGING)
Prepared By- Guided By-

Bhoomi Bakori (130500109002) Mr. Deep Thanki Mr. Vilash chaudhari
Riddhi Bhatt (130500109008) Lecturer Asst. Professor
Pooja Desai (130500109011) Electrical Department Electrical Department
Mihir Kuvadiya (130500109021) SIE, Bakrol – Vadodara SIE, Bakrol - Vadodara
Kedar Saudankar (130500109046)
Stefee Siroya (130500109050)
INDEX
• CONSTRUCTIONAL IMAGE OF SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTOR SLIDE - 3
• INTRODUCTION TO SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR SLIDE - 4
• HARMONIC SYNCHRONOUS TORQUE (COGGING) SLIDE - 5
• METHODS TO ELIMINATE COGGING SLIDE - 6
• HARMONIC INDUCTION TORQUE (CRAWLING) SLIDE - 7
• METHODS TO ELIMINATE CRAWLING SLIDE - 10

Squirrel – Cage Induction Motor
INTRODUCTION TO SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Almost 90% of induction motors are squirrel cage

type because this type of rotor has the simplest
and the most rugged construction and is almost
indestructible.
Its rotor consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying
the rotor conductors which are not wired but consists of heavy bars coppers ,
aluminum or alloys.
One bar is placed on each slots , rather the bars are inserted from the end when
semi-closed slots are used. The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded or bolted to
Two heavy and stout short-circuited end-rings, thus giving us , what is so picturesquely
Called squirrel-cage construction.
The rotor slots are usually not quite parallel to the shaft but are purposely given a slite
Skew.
(i) It helps to make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum and
(ii) It helps in reducing the locking tendency of the rotor.
Harmonic Synchronous torque (cogging) :-
•Sometimes , the rotor of the squirrel-cage rotor refuses to

start at all , even when full voltage is applied to the stator
winding.
•This happens when the number of stator teeth S1 is equal

to the number of rotor teeth S2 and due to the magnetic
locking between the stator and rotor teeth.
•When S1=S2, the strong alignment forces are produced

between the stator and the rotor at the instant of starting.
Harmonic Synchronous torque (cogging) :-
(continue……)
•These forces may create an alignment torque greater the

accelerating torque.
•This phenomenon of magnetic locking between stator and

rotor teeth is called cogging or teeth locking.
Methods to eliminate Cogging
•In order to reduce or eliminate cogging, the number of

stator slots should never be equal to the rotor.
•Cogging can also be reduced by using skewed rotor.

Harmonic synchronous torque (crawling) :-
•Induction motors (squirrel cage type) sometimes runs at a speed

as low as [(1/7) x synchronous] speed. This phenomenon is known
as crawling in induction motor.
•This action is due to the fact that, the A.C winding of stator
produces a flux wave is not a purely sinusoidal. It consists of odd
harmonics, 3rd , 5th and 7th etc.
• The fundamental wave revolves synchronously at synchronous speed

Ns whereas 3rd , 5th , 7th harmonics may rotate in forward or backward
directions at Ns/3 , Ns/5 , Ns/7 speeds respectively.
(continue…..)
• 3rd harmonics are absent in a balanced 3-phase system. Hence 3rd

harmonics do not produce rotating field and torque.
• The total motor torque now consist three components as: (i) the
fundamental torque with synchronous speed Ns, (ii) 5th harmonic torque
with synchronous speed Ns/5, (iv) 7th harmonic torque with synchronous
speed Ns/7 (provided that higher harmonics are neglected).
• Now, 5th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 5 X 120

= 600° =2 X 360 - 120 = -120°. Hence the revolving speed set up will be
in reverse direction with speed Ns/5. The small amount of 5th
harmonic torque produces breaking action and can be neglected.
(continue…..)
• The 7th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 7 X 120 = 840° =
2 X 360 +120 = + 120°. Hence they will set up rotating field in forward
direction with synchronous speed equal to Ns/7.
• If we neglect all the higher harmonics, the resultant torque will be equal to
sum of fundamental torque and 7th harmonic torque. 7th harmonic torque
reaches its maximum positive value just before1/7th of Ns.
• If the mechanical load on the shaft involves constant load torque, the
torque developed by the motor may fall below this load torque.
• In this case, motor will not accelerate up to its normal speed, but it will
run at a speed which is nearly 1/7th of its normal speed. This
phenomenon is called as crawling in induction motors.
Methods to eliminate Crawling
•The phenomenon of crawling can be reduced by reducing the 5th and 7th
harmonics. This can be done by using chorded or short-pitched windings.
An increase in air-gap length decreases the harmonic torques
•The crawling and also be reduced by using skewed rotor.

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Sigma Institute of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Bakrol, Vadodara

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Sigma Institute of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Bakrol, Vadodara

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Sigma Institute Of Engineering

Department Of Electrical Engineering

Active Learning Assignment Topic On:

Prepared By- Guided By-

• CONSTRUCTIONAL IMAGE OF SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTOR SLIDE - 3

• INTRODUCTION TO SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR SLIDE - 4

• HARMONIC SYNCHRONOUS TORQUE (COGGING) SLIDE - 5

• METHODS TO ELIMINATE COGGING SLIDE - 6

• HARMONIC INDUCTION TORQUE (CRAWLING) SLIDE - 7

• METHODS TO ELIMINATE CRAWLING SLIDE - 10

Almost 90% of induction motors are squirrel cage

•Sometimes , the rotor of the squirrel-cage rotor refuses to

•This happens when the number of stator teeth S1 is equal

•When S1=S2, the strong alignment forces are produced

•These forces may create an alignment torque greater the

•This phenomenon of magnetic locking between stator and

Methods to eliminate Cogging

•In order to reduce or eliminate cogging, the number of

•Cogging can also be reduced by using skewed rotor.

•Induction motors (squirrel cage type) sometimes runs at a speed

• The fundamental wave revolves synchronously at synchronous speed

• 3rd harmonics are absent in a balanced 3-phase system. Hence 3rd

• Now, 5th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 5 X 120

•The crawling and also be reduced by using skewed rotor.

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