Fluid Mech - Chap 8

Chapter 8: Viscous Flow in
Pipes
General characteristics of Pipe Flow
Fully developed laminar flow
Fully developed turbulent flow
Dimensional analysis of pipe flow
Multiple pipe systems
Pipe flowrate measurements
All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

General Characteristics of
Pipe Flow
Laminar or Turbulent Flow
For general engineering purposes,
the following values are appropriate
Re < 2100 : Laminar
2100 < Re < 4000 : Transition
Re > 4000 : Turbulent

Pipe Flow
LAMINAR FLOW TURBULENT FLOW

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Entrance Region and Fully Developed
Flow
Figure 1 : Entrance region, developing flow, and fully developed flow in a

pipe system

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Entrance Region and Fully Developed
Flow (cont.)
The shape of the velocity profile in
the pipe depends on whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent, as does
the entrance length.
Typical entrance length are
e
 0.06 Re  for laminar flow
D
e
 4.4Re  6  for turbul ent flow
1
D All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Example 1
To cool a given room it is necessary to supply 4 ft3/s of air through an
8-in.-diameter pipe. Approximately how long is the entrance length
in this pipe?
Solution:

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow
(cont.)
After the entrance region, the velocity is a
function of only the distance from the pipe
centerline, r, and independent of x.
This is true until the character of the pipe
changes in some way, i.e. a change in
diameter, or the fluid flows through a
bend, valve or some other components in
section (3).

Fully Developed Laminar
Flow
If the flow is fully developed and steady, the
distortion on each end of the fluid element is the
same, and no part of the fluid experiences any
acceleration as it flows. Every part of the fluid
flows along its pathline parallel to the pipe walls
with constant velocity, although neighboring
particles have slightly different velocities. This
velocity variation, combined with the fluid
viscosity, produces shear stress.
If gravitational effects are neglected, the pressure
is constant across any vertical cross section of
the pipe although it varies along the pipe.
Pressure decreases in the direction of flow so
that p>0.
Flow (cont.)
The shear stress distribution throughout
the pipe is 2 r
 w
D
The pressure drop is
4 w
p 
D
The velocity profile
 pD  2   2r 
2
   2r  
2
u r     1      Vc 1    
 16    D     D  
Vc  maximum velocity
Flow (cont.)
The volume flowrate through the pipe is
R 2Vc
Q
2
or
D 4 p
Q
128
This flow is termed as Hagen-Poiseuille
Flow and all the results are valid for
laminar flow in horizontal pipe.
For nonhorizontal pipe, p  p   sin 
Dimensional Analysis of
Pipe Flow
Most turbulent pipe flow analysis are
based on experimental data and
semi-empirical formula.
These data are conveniently
expressed in dimensionless form.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
The Moody Chart
The pressure drop for steady,
incompressible turbulent flow in a
horizontal round pipe of diameter D is
p  F V , D, ,  ,  ,  
V  average velocity
  pipe length
  measure of roughness of the pipe wall
The pressure drop for laminar pipe flow is
independent of the roughness of the pipe.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
The Moody Chart
The pressure drop in turbulent flow
depends on the wall roughness due
to the random velocity components
that account for a momentum
transfer (which is a function of
density) and hence, a shear force.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
The Moody Chart (cont.)
For a horizontal pipe, the pressure
change is given by
 V 2
p  f
D 2
 
where f is the friction factor, f    Re, 
 D
The head loss is given as
 V2
hL  f  Darcy - Weisbach Equation
D 2g
valid for fully developed, steady, incompress ible pipe flow,
whether th e pipe is horizontal or on a hill.
Pipe Flow (cont.)
The pressure change is due to
Elevation change
Head loss associated with frictional effects
which are given in terms of the friction factor,
f.
Moody Chart gives the functional
dependence of f on Re and /D.
For the nonlaminar part, the Moody Chart
is a graphical representation of
1  D 2.51 
 2.0 log     Colebrook formula
 3.7 Re f 
f  
Pipe Flow (cont.)
From the Moody chart, it is observed
that
For laminar flow
f  64
Re
Which is independent of the relative roughness
For completely turbulent flow
f    D
which is independent of the Re

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Note that, even for hydraulically
smooth pipe (=0), the friction factor
is not zero, i.e. there is a head loss in
any pipe, no matter how smooth the
surface is made.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Figure 2: Friction
factor as a function
of Reynolds number
and relative
roughness for round
pipes—
the Moody chart
(Data from Ref. 2
with permission).

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Table 1

Example 8.5
Air under standard conditions flow through a 4.00 mm diameter drawn tubing
with an average velocity of V = 50 m/s. For such conditions the flow would
normally be turbulent. However if precautions are taken to eliminate
disturbances to the flow (smooth entrance, dust free air, tube does not vibrate,
etc), it may be possible to maintain laminar flow.
a)Determine the pressure drop in a 1 meter section of the tube if flow is

laminar.
b)Determine the pressure drop in a 1 meter section above if the flow is
turbulent.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Minor Losses
Major losses in a straight pipe comes from
the friction losses
Minor losses can also occur and
contribute to the overall head loss of the
system.
Head loss information for all components
which contribute to the minor losses are
based on experimental data
The most common method used to
determine these head losses or pressure
drops is to specify the loss coefficient, KL.
Pipe Flow (cont.)
Minor Losses (cont.)
hL p
KL  2 1

V 2g 2 V 2

2
V
p  K L2 V , hL  K L
1 2
2g

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Minor losses come from
Transition sections in pipe for example
flow into a pipe from a reservoir (an
entrance) or out of a pipe into a
reservoir (an exit) - Figure 3,4.
Change in pipe diameter - Figure 5,6.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Minor losses come from
Bends in pipe. Losses for this case is due to
the separated region and swirling secondary
flow that occurs because of the imbalance of
centripetal forces as a result of the curvature
of the pipe centerline. Guide vanes can be
used to reduce the loss. – Figure 7,8.
Commercially available pipe fittings such as
elbows, tees, reducers, valves and filters. –
Table 1.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Figure 3: Entrance flow conditions and loss Figure 4: Exit flow conditions and loss
coefficient (a) Reentrant, KL=0.8 (b) sharp- coefficient (a) Reentrant, KL=1.0 (b) sharp-
edged, KL = 0.5 (c) slightly rounded, KL = 0.2, edged, KL = 1.0 (c) slightly rounded, KL = 1.0,
(d) well-rounded, KL = 0.04. (d) well-rounded, KL = 1.0.

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Figure 5: Loss coefficient for sudden Figure 6: Loss coefficient for sudden
contraction expansion

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Figure 6: Loss coefficient for sudden

expansion

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Figure 8: Character of the flow in a 90o miter

bend and the associated loss coefficient: (a)
Figure 7: character of the flow in a 90o bend without guide vanes (b) with guide vanes
and the associated loss coefficient

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Figure 8: Character of the flow in a 90o miter

bend and the associated loss coefficient: (a)
without guide vanes (b) with guide vanes

Pipe Flow (cont.)
Table 2

Example 2
Water flows steadily through the 0.75 in. diameter galvanized iron
pipe system at a rate of 0.020 cfs. Your boss suggests that friction
losses in the straight pipe sections are negligible compared to
losses in the threaded elbows and fittings of the system. Do you
agree or disagree with your boss? Support your answer with
appropriate calculations.

Example 2

Example 2

Revisiting Chapter 3 and 5
2 2
p2 V p1 V
  z2  
2
 z1  hs  hL 1
 2g  2g
If turbine, hs=-hT (T=turbine)

If pump, hs=hP (P=pump)
hL= major losses + minor losses

Example 8.6
A closed circuit wind tunnel is shown in FIGURE E8.6 b,
in which air at standard conditions is to flow through the
test section [between sections (5) and (6)] with a
velocity of 60 m/s. The flow is driven by a fan that
essentially increases the static pressure by the amount p1
– p9 that is needed to overcome the head losses
experienced by the fluid as it flows around the circuit.
Estimate power of the fan and p1-p9.
SOLUTION:
First we need to check the maximum Mach number if we Therefore, we can use the incompressible
are to assume that the flow is incompressible. flow formulas for this problem.
The maximum velocity is in the test cross section area The energy equation between point (1) and
and maximum Mach number of the flow is: (9) can be written as:
Ma5 = V5/c5
Where V5 = 60 m/s and from Eq 1.20, the speed of
sound is c5 = (kRT5)1/2 = {1.4(286.9)(273)}1/2 = 340 m/s.
Thus, Ma5 = 60/340 = 0.176.
Most flow can be considered incompressible if Ma < 0.3

Example 8.6
The purpose of the fan is to provide necessary energy to
overcome head loss. By writing the energy equation
across the fan from (9) to (1), we obtain:
Where, hp is the actual head rise supplied by the fan.

Again, since z9 – z1 and V9 = V1, when combined with
equation 1, it becomes:
Because the flow is assumed incompressible,
V = V5A5/A. The values of A and corresponding
velocities are given in Table E8.6
The actual power supplied to the air is obtained from the
fan head by:
Thus, power that must be provided depends on the head

loss associated with the flow in the wind tunnel. Based
on the figure, we can treat each of the four corners as
mitered bend with guide vanes so that based on Fig 8.31,
KL_corner = 0.2. Thus for each corner:

Example 8.6
We also treat the enlarging sections from the end of test
section (6) to the beginning of the nozzle (4) as a conical
diffuser with a loss coefficient of KL_dif = 0.6.
The loss coefficients for the conical nozzle between

section (4) and (5) and the flow straightening screens are
assumed to be KL_noz = 0.2 and KL_scr = 4.0. We neglect
the loss in the relatively short test cross section.
Thus, the total head loss is:
From Eq. 1, the pressure rise across the fan is:
or: From Eq. 2, the power added to the fluid is:

Example 8.8
Water at 15ºC flows from the basement to the second floor through a 1.9 cm diameter copper pipe (a
drawn tubing) at a rate of Q = 45 L/min = 7.5 x 10-4 m3/s and exits through a faucet of diamete 1.3 cm as
shown in Fig E.8.8a.
Determine the pressure at point (1) if:

(a)all losses are neglected,
(b)the only losses included are the major losses, or
(c)all losses are included.
Example 8.8
SOLUTION

Example 8.8
SOLUTION

Example 8.8
SOLUTION
Thus, by combining equation (2) and (3), we

obtain the entire pressure drop as:

HW Chapter 8
Q 8.5, 8.49, 8.52, 8.66
Study Examples 8.6, 8.9, 8.10. 8.13

Multiple Pipe System
For pipes in series
Q1  Q2  Q3
hLAB  hL1  hL2  hL3
For pipes in parallel

Q  Q1  Q2  Q3
hL1  hL2  hL3

Example 8.14

Example 8.14
The two other equations are:
• Although we have three equations and three unknowns, unfortunately in this case there is no positive, real
values solutions for the velocities.
• This means that our initial assumption of flow coming out of B is incorrect.
•Now we have to redo the steps, recreate the equations assuming that flow is going into reservoirs B & C
and out of A.

Example 8.14
which, with the given data becomes:
inal equations. Its an extra root installed by squaring Eq 7, which

Example 8.14
The corresponding flow rates are:

Pipe Flowrate
Measurement
Three most common device
Orifice meter
Nozzle meter
Venturi meter
Working principle
A decrease in flow area in a pipe causes
an increase in velocity that is
accompanied by a decrease in pressure

Pipe Flowrate
Measurement
Orifice Meter
2 p1  p2 
Q  CoQideal  Co Ao

 1  4 
Ao  d 2 / 4  area of the hole in the orifice plate
Co   d / D   orifice discharge coefficien t
V  Q / A1 ,   d D
Can be obtained from

Figure 9 (Figure 8.41
in the textbook)

Pipe Flowrate
Measurement
Orifice Meter (cont.)
Figure 9: Orifice meter discharge
coefficient

Pipe Flowrate
Measurement
Nozzle Meter
Nozzle meter is more efficient than
orifice meter (Cn>Co)
2 p1  p2 
QC Q C A
 1   4 
n ideal n n
An  d 2 / 4,   d D
Cn   d / D   nozzle discharge coefficien t
Figure 10 (Figure
8.25 in the textbook)

Pipe Flowrate
Measurement
Nozzle Meter (cont.)
Figure 10: Nozzle meter
discharge coefficient

Pipe Flowrate
Measurement
Venturi Meter
Most precise and most expensive
2 p1  p2 
QC Q C A
 1   4 
v ideal v T
AT  d 2 / 4  throat area,   d D
Cv   d / D, Re, shape of converging & diverging sections 
 venturi discharge coefficien t

Figure 11 (Figure
8.27 in the textbook)
Pipe Flowrate
Measurement
Venturi Meter (cont.)
Figure 11: Venturi meter
discharge coefficient

Example 8.15
Ethyl alcohol flows through a pipe of diameter, D = 60 mm in a refinery. The
pressure drop across the nozzle meter is used to measure the flow rate is to
be Δp = 4.0 kPa when the flow rate is Q = 0.003 m3/s.
Determine the diameter, d of the nozzle.
SOLUTION:

Example 8.15
Ethyl alcohol flows through a pipe of diameter, D = 60 mm in a refinery. The
pressure drop across the nozzle meter is used to measure the flow rate is to
be Δp = 4.0 kPa when the flow rate is Q = 0.003 m3/s.
Determine the diameter, d of the nozzle.
SOLUTION:


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Chapter 8: Viscous Flow in

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Figure 1 : Entrance region, developing flow, and fully developed flow in a

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D All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

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All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

a)Determine the pressure drop in a 1 meter section of the tube if flow is

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Figure 6: Loss coefficient for sudden

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Figure 8: Character of the flow in a 90o miter

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Figure 8: Character of the flow in a 90o miter

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

If turbine, hs=-hT (T=turbine)

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Thus, Ma5 = 60/340 = 0.176.

Most flow can be considered incompressible if Ma < 0.3

Where, hp is the actual head rise supplied by the fan.

Thus, power that must be provided depends on the head

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

The loss coefficients for the conical nozzle between

or: From Eq. 2, the power added to the fluid is:

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Determine the pressure at point (1) if:

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All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Thus, by combining equation (2) and (3), we

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All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

For pipes in parallel

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

The two other equations are:

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

which, with the given data becomes:

inal equations. Its an extra root installed by squaring Eq 7, which

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

All rights reserved.  2003 A. Jaafar

Can be obtained from