An Oil Tanker

A overview of an Oil Tanker
from new building to operation

Oil tankers-General
 Oil tankers are designed for bulk transport of oil.
 There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude

tanker and the product tanker.
 Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude

oil from its point of extraction to refineries.
 Product tankers are designed to move petro-chemicals

from refineries to points near consuming markets.
 Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as

their occupation.
Oil Tanker Size categories
Tonnage - Dwt
 Seawaymax-10,000-60,000
 Panamax - 60,000-80,000
 Aframax -80,000-120,000
 Suezmax -130,000-160,000
 VLCC -200,000-320,000
 ULCC -over 320,000
Oil Tanker (side view)
Hull designs
 A tanker with a single outer shell is said to be

single-hulled tanker.
 A double hull is a design where the bottom and

sides of the ship have two complete layers of
watertight hull surface.
 All new tankers are double hulled.
 All single-hulled tankers around the world are

already phased out in year 2015.
Construction
Tankers are constructed in various stages.
 Stage 1- Construction of blocks.
 Stage 2- Blocks are put together in a dock.
 Stage 3 -Completed hull is then floated to

carry out remaining outfitting works.
Different Stages of Construction
Structural Components of Single hull
Tanker
Structural Components of Double hull
Tanker
CARGO PUMPS
Why do we need Cargo pumps ?
1. To discharge the cargo loaded on board.
2. To transfer cargo ( for commingling , for stability

reasons in cases of emergencies , etc.)
3. To strip cargo tanks.
4. To wash cargo tanks in order to prepare the ship for

receiving the next grade of cargo.
5. To heat cargo if ship fitted with Heat Exchanger.
THE PUMPS ARE THE HEART AND SOUL OF SHIPS BECAUSE THEY
DELIVER THE CARGO OF THE CUSTOMERS AS WARRANTED BY THE
OWNERS AND THEREBY PROVIDING REVENUE FOR THE OWNERS
Pump-General
 A pump is a device used to move gases, liquids or

slurries.
 Pumps work by using mechanical forces to push the

material.
 Pumps fall into two major groups: rotodynamic

pumps and positive displacement pumps. Their
names describe the method for moving a fluid.
Rotodynamic pumps
 These are pumps with bladed impellers which

rotate within the fluid to impart acceleration to
the fluid.
 Example: Centrifugal Pumps
 Centrifugal Pumps -The fluid enters the pump

impeller and is accelerated by the impeller
flowing outwards and exits into the piping
system.
Centrifugal Pump
Positive displacement pumps
 A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or

gas to move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid
and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume
into the discharge pipe.
 The Fluid Displacement results in a direct

increase in pressure.
 A positive displacement pump can be further

classified as either:
- reciprocating pump,
- rotary-type (for example the rotary vane).
Positive Displacement Pump
Positive Displacement pumps mechanically displace a known volume of liquid so

that the pumps, running at a constant speed, positively displace a liquid volume
at a fixed rate.
These pumps can be subdivided into two main categories;

reciprocating pumps and
rotary pumps.
Within the two main categories, the pumps may operate by means of various
pumping techniques.
Positive Displacement Pump - Reciprocating pumps
There are a big variety of Reciprocating pumps, the most common in use on board are:
Piston Pump
A positive displacement pump that use movement of
outlet the piston in one direction to open suction valve and
fill up the chamber with liquid and in another
direction to close suction valve and open delivery
valve and push out the liquid from the chamber.
outlet
inlet
Diaphragm pump
A positive displacement pump that uses a

combination of the reciprocating action of
a rubber or teflon diaphragm and suitable
inlet
non-return check valves to pump a fluid
Positive Displacement Pump- Rotary Type
GEAR - Fluid is carried between gear

teeth and is expelled by the meshing of
the gears that cooperate to provide
continuous sealing between the pump
inlet and outlet.
inlet
outlet
Only a few thousandths of an inch clearance exists between the case

and the gear faces and teeth extremities. Any liquid that fills the space
bounded by two successive gear teeth and the case must follow along with
the teeth as they revolve.
FRAMO PUMPS
F R A M O - Frank Mohn (1916-2001)
The company was founded in 1938 by Frank Mohn and is located outside Bergen in
Western Norway. Currently the company is run by his son, Trond Mohn.
Company produces hydraulically driven submerged cargo pumps.
First tanker vessel to be installed with submerged pumps was in 1969
FRAMO Pump - Layout
Cargo Tank Discharge Line
Deck Heat Exchanger
Recirculation
or Drop Line
Submersible centrifugal FRAMO

Pump
FRAMO Pump - Operation
LINE ARRANGEMENTS
Why do we need Cargo/Ballast Lines ?
1. To Load/Discharge Cargo to or from Ships Cargo

Oil Tanks.
2. To transfer cargo within Ships Cargo oil Tanks.
3. To strip Cargo Oil tanks.
4. To Ballast/ De-ballast Water Ballast Tanks.
5. To Crude Oil Wash Cargo Oil Tanks.
6. To heat Cargo if ship fitted with Heat Exchangers.

CARGO PIPELINES FORM AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE SHIPS CARGO
PUMPING SYSTEM.
Pipeline arrangement on Main Deck of a
Double Hull Tanker
LOADING-CARGO FROM MANIFOLDS TO CARGO TANKS THROUGH DROP LINES
DISCHARGE-CARGO FROM TANKS TO PUMPS AND FROM PUMPS TO MANIFOLD AND THEN TO SHORE TANKS
CARGO LINES
INERT GAS LINE
STEAM LINES
FIRE/FOAM LINES
Vessel berthing at an Oil Terminal
Vessel’s Manifolds for Loading / Discharging
Arms used for Loading / Discharging

CONVENTIONAL PIPELINE ARRANGEMENT
CARGO MANIFOLDS
CARGO OIL P/Ps

Pipelines Arrangement for Loading
Loading of Cargo: Loaded through Manifolds

to Drop lines and to Cargo Tanks.
MANIFOLDS
DECK MAIN CARGO LINES
CARGO FLOW
DROP LINES FROM

MAIN DECK LINES
TO CARGO TANKS
MANIFOLDS
CARGO OIL TANKS
Pipeline Arrangement for Discharging
 Discharging of Cargo: From Cargo Tanks Pumps
Cargo Risers Manifolds Shore Tanks.
CARGO DISCHARGE FROM PUMP TO DISCHARGE LINE ON MAIN DECK, MANIFOLS AND THEN SHORE TANKS
PIPELINE ARRANGEMENT FOR CARGO/BALLAST
TANKS ON DOUBLE HULL TANKER
BALLAST TANK BALLAST TANK
CARGO TANK CARGO TANK
CARGO PIPELINES
BALLAST TANK BALLAST TANK

DOUBLE BOTTOM DOUBLE BOTTOM
AREA AREA

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What are the main types of oil tankers?

What are the main types of oil tankers?

How are oil tankers classified based on their size?

How are oil tankers classified based on their size?

A overview of an Oil Tanker

from new building to operation

 There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude

 Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude

 Product tankers are designed to move petro-chemicals

 Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as

 A tanker with a single outer shell is said to be

 A double hull is a design where the bottom and

 All new tankers are double hulled.

 All single-hulled tankers around the world are

Tankers are constructed in various stages.

 Stage 1- Construction of blocks.

 Stage 2- Blocks are put together in a dock.

 Stage 3 -Completed hull is then floated to

1. To discharge the cargo loaded on board.

2. To transfer cargo ( for commingling , for stability

3. To strip cargo tanks.

4. To wash cargo tanks in order to prepare the ship for

5. To heat cargo if ship fitted with Heat Exchanger.

 A pump is a device used to move gases, liquids or

 Pumps work by using mechanical forces to push the

 Pumps fall into two major groups: rotodynamic

 These are pumps with bladed impellers which

 Example: Centrifugal Pumps

 Centrifugal Pumps -The fluid enters the pump

 A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or

 The Fluid Displacement results in a direct

 A positive displacement pump can be further

Positive Displacement pumps mechanically displace a known volume of liquid so

These pumps can be subdivided into two main categories;

A positive displacement pump that uses a

GEAR - Fluid is carried between gear

Only a few thousandths of an inch clearance exists between the case

Submersible centrifugal FRAMO

1. To Load/Discharge Cargo to or from Ships Cargo

2. To transfer cargo within Ships Cargo oil Tanks.

3. To strip Cargo Oil tanks.

4. To Ballast/ De-ballast Water Ballast Tanks.

5. To Crude Oil Wash Cargo Oil Tanks.

6. To heat Cargo if ship fitted with Heat Exchangers.

LOADING-CARGO FROM MANIFOLDS TO CARGO TANKS THROUGH DROP LINES

INERT GAS LINE

Vessel’s Manifolds for Loading / Discharging

Arms used for Loading / Discharging

CARGO OIL P/Ps

Loading of Cargo: Loaded through Manifolds

DECK MAIN CARGO LINES

DROP LINES FROM

BALLAST TANK BALLAST TANK

CARGO TANK CARGO TANK

BALLAST TANK BALLAST TANK

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