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    The Enthalpy Chart: Presented To CBE 317 Sept - 2003 Dick Hawrelak

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    ParmeshwarPaul
    The document discusses the use of enthalpy charts for solving various chemical engineering problems. It outlines key features of enthalpy charts including phase lines, zones, equations of state, and how processes like flashing, condensing, cooling, and power generation can be illustrated. Mistakes are commonly made in areas near critical points, at low pressures, and in the supercritical region. The demonstration shows how enthalpy charts can be a useful tool for analyzing systems and selecting the best process routes.

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    The Enthalpy Chart: Presented To CBE 317 Sept - 2003 Dick Hawrelak

    Uploaded by

    ParmeshwarPaul
    88 views24 pages
    The document discusses the use of enthalpy charts for solving various chemical engineering problems. It outlines key features of enthalpy charts including phase lines, zones, equations of state, and how processes like flashing, condensing, cooling, and power generation can be illustrated. Mistakes are commonly made in areas near critical points, at low pressures, and in the supercritical region. The demonstration shows how enthalpy charts can be a useful tool for analyzing systems and selecting the best process routes.

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    The Enthalpy Chart

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    The document discusses the use of enthalpy charts for solving various chemical engineering problems. It outlines key features of enthalpy charts including phase lines, zones, equations of state, and how processes like flashing, condensing, cooling, and power generation can be illustrated. Mistakes are commonly made in areas near critical points, at low pressures, and in the supercritical region. The demonstration shows how enthalpy charts can be a useful tool for analyzing systems and selecting the best process routes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    88 views24 pages

    The Enthalpy Chart: Presented To CBE 317 Sept - 2003 Dick Hawrelak

    Uploaded by

    ParmeshwarPaul
    The document discusses the use of enthalpy charts for solving various chemical engineering problems. It outlines key features of enthalpy charts including phase lines, zones, equations of state, and how processes like flashing, condensing, cooling, and power generation can be illustrated. Mistakes are commonly made in areas near critical points, at low pressures, and in the supercritical region. The demonstration shows how enthalpy charts can be a useful tool for analyzing systems and selecting the best process routes.

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    The Enthalpy Chart

    Presented to CBE 317


    Sept – 2003
    Dick Hawrelak
    A Typical Enthalpy Chart
    The Liquid Line

    Tc,Pc

    *
    PSIA

    Liquid at its Bubble Point

    BTU/LB
    The Vapor Line

    Tc,Pc

    * Vapor at its Dew Point

    PSIA

    BTU/LB
    The Latent Heat Line

    Tc,Pc
    *
    PSIA

    Latent Heat = Hv - HL
    HL Hv

    BTU/LB
    Enthalpy Chart Zones
    Dense Fluid Zone (Dense Vapor or a Light Liquid)
    Pc, Tc
    * Non - Ideal

    PSIA The Liquid


    The Two The Vapor Zone
    Zone
    Phase
    Zone
    Ideal
    14.7 psia
    Vacuum
    Zone

    BTU/LB
    Equation of State
    • At low pressure (14.7 psia, 101.3 kPa)
    the Ideal Gas Law applies where
    PV = (z)(n)(R)(T) and Z = 1.0
    • At high pressure, the Gas Law is non-ideal
    and Z is less than 1.0
    • Vapor Density = (MW)(P) / [(Z)(R)(T)]
    • More mistakes are made with vapor
    density than any other physical property.
    Super-Critical Region
    • Above the Pc and the Tc which design equations
    apply?
    • Given temperature and pressure above the
    criticals, a compressor vendor will treat the data
    as a dense vapor and use vapor correlations.
    • Given the same data, a pump vendor may treat
    the data as a light liquid and use liquid
    correlations (Dow Cochin Pipeline system).
    Pump power required will be much lower than
    compressor power required.
    Just below the Pc and the Tc
    • This is a critical zone for distillation
    because the latent heat approaches zero
    as the Pc and Tc are approached.
    • Hence, Vapor flow = (BTU / hr) / (LH)
    becomes very high.
    • Design equations at conditions near the
    criticals are very complicated and many
    errors are made in this region.
    Low Pressures
    • Vacuum condition below 14.7 psia.
    • Low vapor densities mean high vapor
    flows by (cf / hr) = (lb / hr) / (lb / cf).
    • Compared with high pressure, pressure
    drop calculations in the vacuum zone have
    very little margin for error.
    • Hence, equipment such as exchangers
    and distillation towers and lines can be
    severely under-sized.
    Constant Entropy Line
    HP = (lb/hr)(BTU/lb) / 2547
    Pc, Tc
    *
    P2, T2, S1, H2
    PSIA

    P1, T1, S1, H1

    A Reciprocating
    Compressor

    BTU/LB
    A Centrifugal Compressor
    HP = (lb/hr)(BTU/lb) / 2547
    Pc, Tc
    * P2, T2, S2, H2

    PSIA

    P1, T1, S1, H1

    A Centrifugal
    Compressor

    BTU/LB
    A Refrigeration PFS
    Refrigeration on Enthalpy Chart

    Pc, Tc
    * P2, T2, S2

    PSIA

    P1, T1, S1

    A Refridgeration
    Cycle

    BTU/LB
    Flashing

    Pc, Tc
    *
    P1, F,
    PSIA

    P2, L P2, V

    BTU/LB
    Flashing Around E-3
    to KO Pot
    PIC

    LC

    Level Control Valve


    Solve the % Flash
    De-Superheating a Vapor

    Pc, Tc
    *
    P1, T2 P1, T1
    PSIA

    BTU/LB
    Condensing the Vapor

    Pc, Tc
    *
    P1, T1, L P1, T1, V
    PSIA

    BTU/LB
    Sub-Cooling The Liquid

    Pc, Tc

    P1, T2, L
    *
    P1, T1, L
    PSIA

    BTU/LB
    Steam Expansion To
    Generate Power

    12,435 lb/hr 95 deg F 120 deg F Air To Atm


    650 psia 1.6927 psia
    750 deg F Vacuum Pump

    75 deg F Horrizontal KO Pot


    C-1 ST-1 120 deg F
    To BFW system
    HP = 1716.9 Eff'y = 77%
    Steam Expansion
    Which Route To Get From A to B?
    Summary
    • The Enthalpy Chart is one of the most useful
    tools for solving chemical engineering
    problems.
    • Learn to communicate with it as shown in this
    demonstration. If done properly, you’ll make
    fewer mistakes in your design work.
    • An internet web site that allows you to draw
    enthalpy charts from a large chemical
    database can be found at:
    • http://www.questconsult.com/~jrm/enthpres.ht
    ml

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