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    Cryogenic Theory and Applications

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    Malu_Julienne__5233
    This document discusses cryogenics, including: 1) It provides definitions of cryogenics from the Oxford English Dictionary and New International Dictionary of Refrigeration as dealing with very low temperatures and their effects on matter below 120K. 2) It briefly summarizes the history of cryogenics, including important milestones like the first liquefaction of gases between 1877-1908. 3) It describes how cryogenics works by using cryogenic fluids to provide cooling through heat absorption during phase changes, and discusses mechanical cooling as another method. 4) It outlines some common applications of cryogenics like space shuttle fueling, liquefied natural gas transport, food processing, and metal treatment

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    Cryogenic Theory and Applications

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    Malu_Julienne__5233
    583 views29 pages
    This document discusses cryogenics, including: 1) It provides definitions of cryogenics from the Oxford English Dictionary and New International Dictionary of Refrigeration as dealing with very low temperatures and their effects on matter below 120K. 2) It briefly summarizes the history of cryogenics, including important milestones like the first liquefaction of gases between 1877-1908. 3) It describes how cryogenics works by using cryogenic fluids to provide cooling through heat absorption during phase changes, and discusses mechanical cooling as another method. 4) It outlines some common applications of cryogenics like space shuttle fueling, liquefied natural gas transport, food processing, and metal treatment

    Original Title

    Cryogenics

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    This document discusses cryogenics, including: 1) It provides definitions of cryogenics from the Oxford English Dictionary and New International Dictionary of Refrigeration as dealing with very low temperatures and their effects on matter below 120K. 2) It briefly summarizes the history of cryogenics, including important milestones like the first liquefaction of gases between 1877-1908. 3) It describes how cryogenics works by using cryogenic fluids to provide cooling through heat absorption during phase changes, and discusses mechanical cooling as another method. 4) It outlines some common applications of cryogenics like space shuttle fueling, liquefied natural gas transport, food processing, and metal treatment

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    583 views29 pages

    Cryogenic Theory and Applications

    Uploaded by

    Malu_Julienne__5233
    This document discusses cryogenics, including: 1) It provides definitions of cryogenics from the Oxford English Dictionary and New International Dictionary of Refrigeration as dealing with very low temperatures and their effects on matter below 120K. 2) It briefly summarizes the history of cryogenics, including important milestones like the first liquefaction of gases between 1877-1908. 3) It describes how cryogenics works by using cryogenic fluids to provide cooling through heat absorption during phase changes, and discusses mechanical cooling as another method. 4) It outlines some common applications of cryogenics like space shuttle fueling, liquefied natural gas transport, food processing, and metal treatment

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    Some key takeaways from the passage are that cryogenics deals with very low temperatures and their effects on matter, important developments include the liquefaction of various gases like oxygen and hydrogen, and cryogenics has applications in areas like space travel, metal processing, and food transport.

    Some important developments in the history of cryogenics discussed in the passage include Cailletet and Pictet liquefying oxygen in 1877, Wroblewski liquefying hydrogen in 1884, Dewar developing vacuum-insulated vessels for cryogenic storage in 1892, Linde and Hampson building air liquefiers in 1895, and Onnes liquefying helium in 1908.

    The process of cryogenic cooling works by using cryogenic liquids that evaporate at very low temperatures. As the liquid evaporates, it absorbs heat from its surroundings (latent heat of vaporization) and maintains a constant low temperature until all the liquid evaporates. Additional cooling can then be achieved by warming the vaporized gas.

    Cryogenic Theory and

    Applications
    Cryogenics - that branch of physics which deals
    with the production of very low temperatures
    and their effects on matter.
    Oxford English Dictionary
    2nd edition, Oxford University Press (1989)

    Cryogenics - the science and technology of


    temperatures below 120 K.
    New International Dictionary of Refrigeration
    3rd edition, IIF-IIR Paris (1975)
    History of
    Cryogenics
    1877 - Cailletet and Pictet liquefied oxygen. This
    was really the beginning of “cryogenics” as
    an area separate from “refrigeration.”
    1884 -Wroblewski (Kracow University, Poland) first
    liquefied hydrogen as a mist.
    1892 -Sir James Dewar (England) developed the
    vacuum-insulated vessel for storage of
    cryogenic fluids
    1895 -Linde and Hampson built air liquefiers with
    recuperative heat exchangers
    History of
    Cryogenics
    1908 - H.K. Onnes first liquefied helium–the last
    of the so-called “permanent gases” to be
    liquefied
    1926 - World’s first successful flight of a rocket
    powered by cryogenic oxygen and non-
    cryogenic gasoline propellant
    1939 -First vacuum-insulated railway tank car built
    for transport of liquid oxygen
    1958 - Multilayer insulation (MLI) developed
    History of
    Cryogenics

    1961 -Saturn launch vehicle, powered by liquid


    oxygen and liquid hydrogen, was test-fired
    1966 - He3/He4 dilution refrigerator developed
    How does Cryogenics
    work?
    Principle is the same as using ice to
    keep food cold for storage or transport-heat-
    melts the ice, maintaining a constant
    temperature until all ice melts.
    What are Low Temperatures?

    Adding reversibly heat dQ to the system results in a change of its


    entropy dS with a proportionality factor T :

    T = dQ/dS
    v
    vHigh temperature: heating produces small entropy change
    v
    vLow temperature: heating produces large entropy change
    Providing a
    Cryogenic
    Environment :

    vCooling with Cryogens


    v
    vMechanical Cooling
    Cooling with Cryogens

    -Heat is used in evaporating the liquid(Latent


    heat)
    -Heat is used in warming the gas(Sensible Heat)
    Cryogenic Fluid Sources:

    •
    •Air
    •
    •Natural Gas
    •
    •Minerals
    •
    •
    •
    •
    Argon
    GAR

    N2
    Loading and D
    GAN
    Main H.E. Internal Liquefier
    Cryogenic Distillation Column
    GAN LIN
    Warm

    Vaporizer
    GOX

    Cool
    LAr
    O2
    Ar Purifier

    LOX
    Air
    Filter D.C. Cooler Mol. Product
    Sieve Unit
    Storage
    Condensed Air

    Liquid H2O CO2, HCs, Other


    Compressor Impurities
    &
    Soluble Impurities
    Characteristic Temperatures of Typical Cryogenic Fluids

    Cryogen Triple Normal Critical


    Methane Point(K)
    90.7 Boiling
    111.6 Point(K)
    190.5
    Oxygen 54.4 Point(K)
    90.2 154.6
    Argon 83.8 87.3 150.9
    Nitrogen 63.1 77.3 126.2
    Neon 24.6 27.1 44.4
    Hydrogen 13.8 20.4 33.2
    Helium 2.2* 4.2 5.2
    Properties of He and N2 compared to H2O
    Property He N2 H2O
    Normal boiling point[K] 4.2 77 373
    Critical temperature[K] 5.2 126 647
    Critical pressure [bar] 2.3 34 221
    Liq./Vap. density (*) 7.4 175 1600
    Heat of vaporization (*)[J/g] 20.4 199 2260

    Liquid viscosity (*) [μPl] 3.3 152 278

    (*) at Normal Boiling Point


    Choosing the Right Cryogen: Economic Considerations

    Amount of Cryogen Required to cool down 1kg of Iron

    Cryogen Latent Heat Latent heat and


    Only Enthalpy of Gas
    LHe from 290 to 29.5L 0.75L
    4.2K
    LN2 from 290 to 0.45L 0.29L
    77k
    LHe from 77 to 1.46L 0.12L
    4.2K
    Heat Transfer and Thermal Design

    Solid Conduction
    Fourier’s law: Q=k(T)A(dt/dx)

    k(T): thermal conductivity[W/m.K]

    Integral Form:
    Q=(A/L)

    Convection

    Nu=ƒ(Π ρ ,Ρ ε )

    Ρ α δ ι α τ ι ο ν
    Θ=ε σ ΑΤ 4

    σ (Σ τ ε φ α ν Βο λ τ ζ µ αν ν
    χ ο ν σ τ α ν τ )= 5.67ξ 10−8 Ω µ −2 Κ −4
    ε = ε µ ι σ σ ι ϖι τ ψ
    Schematic Of a Cryostat
    Mechanical Cooling

    -Principle is similar to that of the common


    refrigerators
    Thermodynamics of Refrigeration

    To=300k Q o = Qi + W (1)

    (Qo /To)≥ (Qi /Ti) (2)


    Qo
    W :mechanical
    Work From (1) to (2)
    R
    W ≥ To (Qi /Ti)- Qi (3)

    W≥ ∆ Ε (4)
    Qi
    : ∆ Ε = To (Qi /Ti)- Qi
    Ti
    The Basic System : Mechanical Cryocoolers

    PL , T h

    Heat Exchangers
    PL , Ph , TL PL , T’L
    Th
    Compressor
    Ph , Th Expansion
    Valve
    Refrigeration Load
    Temperature Measuring Devices:

    -Measures property of a matter as a function of temperature

    •Constant Volume Gas Thermometer


    •
    •Acoustic Gas Thermometer
    •
    •Dielectric Constant Gas Thermometer
    •
    •Vapor Pressure Thermometer
    Vapor Pressure Thermometer(VPT)

    Gauge

    Transducer

    Bulb

    Charge Valve
    Cryogenic Applications
    Cryogenic Applications

    130,000m3
    Liquid Natural
    Gas Carrier

    Invar τ α ν κ ω η ι χ η
    η ο λ δ σ ΛΝΓ α τ
    ∼ 110κ
    Cryogenic Applications

    Space Shuttle

    :100T LH2

    :600T LO2
    Cryogenic Applications

    Cryogenic Metal Processing and


    Treatment

    Changes retained Austenite to Martensite which


    then increases wear resistance and thus, improves the life
    of the material.
    Cryogenic Applications
    Other Cryogenic Applications

    vMetal Processing
    vSuperconductivity
    vFood Industry
    -Faster Cooling
    -Gum hardening
    -Transport of Food
    vVacuum Creation
    vMedical Diagnosis
    vTransport
    Thank You!!!

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