Unit – V

Single phase Induction

motors and Special
machines
 INTODUCTION
• Single phase motors are small motors.
• Largely used as fractional horse power motors
in a variety of industrial and domestic
applications.
• These motors are used in fans, washing
machine, hand tools like drillers, record player,
refrigerators, juice makers.
DISADVANTAGES

• Lack of starting torque

• Reduced power factor

• Low efficiency
• For the same kilowatt output its size is 1.5
times larger than that of 3 phase machines.
 TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE MOTORS
• Single phase Induction Motors

• Single phase synchronous motors

• Single phase series motors

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
• Resistance – start(Split phase)

• Capacitance –start induction motor

• Capacitor run induction motor

• Shaded pole induction motor

 Single phase synchronous motor
Run at constant speed

Reluctance type

Hysteresis type
 Single phase Series motor
• Can operate either in DC or AC supply.
• Can provide high starting torque and high
speed.
• Used in kitchen equipment, portable tools,
vacuum cleaners.
 Construction
•Stator similar to three phase induction motor
• starting or auxiliary winding in addition to
main Winding on the stator
• the two windings in space quadrature
• Rotor squirrel cage .
 Double-field Revolving Theory
•The pulsating sinusoidally distributed MMF
in the air gap is divided into two
components rotating in opposite directions,
called Forward field and Backward field .
• Each of these develops torque in
Opposite directions due to induction motor
action.
SPLIT – PHASE MOTOR
• Main winding , Auxiliary winding.
• Aux. winding – series resistance , its
impedance is highly resistive in nature.
• Main winding is inductive in nature.
• Im = Current through main winding
• Ist = Current through auxiliary winding
• Im lags the voltage V by Φm
• Ist is almost in phase in V as auxiliary winding
is highly resistive.
• There exists a phase difference α between two
currents and hence between the two fluxes
produced by the two currents.
• The resultant of these two fluxes is a rotating
magnetic field.
• Due to this the starting torque which acts only
in one direction is produced.
• Aux. wdg has centrifugal switch in series.
• Motor gathers 75 to 80% of synch. speed ,
switch opened ans cuts the starting wdg.
• The starting torque Tst is proportional to the
split angle α.
• This motor gives poor starting torque.
• The direction of rotation of this can be
reversed by reversing the terminals of either
main winding or auxiliary winding.
• This changes the direction of R.M.F and in turn
changes the direction of rotation of the motor.
• It has low starting current
• Moderate starting torque
• Available in the range of 1/20 to 1/2 Kw.
• APPLICATIONS
• easily started loads like fans, lowers,
grinders, centrifugal pumps, washing machine,
office equipments.
CAPACITOR START MOTOR
• In series with aux. winding the capacitor is
connected.
• Capacitive circuit draws a leading current
• Used in increase the phase angle α between the
two currents Im & Ist
• Aux. winding disconnected from the circuit by
centrifugal switch at 75% of the synchronous
speed.
• Capacitor is used in starting period only.
• Direction of rotation can be changed by changing
the connections of one of the windings.
APPLICATIONS
Mainly used in hard starting loads , like
• Compressors
• Pumps
• Conveyors
• Refrigerators
• Air conditioning equipments
• Washing machines
CAPACITOR RUN MOTOR
 CAPACITOR RUN MOTOR
• Capacitor is permanently connected in series
with the auxiliary winding
• Centrifugal switch is not needed therefore the
cost of the motor is less.
• Capacitor values in the range of 20-50µF.
• AC Paper oil type.
• This improves the power factor.
• ADVANTAGES
• High power factor at full load
• High full load efficiency
• Increased pull out torque
• Low full load line current
• APPLICATIONS
• Fans
• Blowers
• Centrifugal pumps
Capacitor start capacitor Run motor
 Capacitor start capacitor run motor
• Two capacitors are used.
• One for starting , another one for running
purpose.
• Can get high starting torque
• Starting capacitor value is large when
compared to running capacitor.
• Running capacitor is permanently connected
in series with auxiliary winding.
• Motor speed picks up 75% of Ns, the
centrifugal switch is opened and the starting
capacitor is disconnected from the circuit.
• Starting capacitor is used for developing high
starting torque.
• Running capacitor is used to improve the
power factor.
ADVANTAGES
• High starting torque
• High efficiency
• High power factor
APPLICATIONS
• Compressors
• Pumps
• Conveyors
• refrigerators
 SHADED POLE MOTOR
• Stator has salient poles with exciting coil -
Apart from that a portion of each pole is
wrapped by a short circuited copper strap
forming a closed loop known as shading coil -
rotor is of squirrel cage type.
SHADED POLE MOTOR
• Due to absence of centrifugal switch the
construction is simple and robust
• Limitations
• Starting torque is poor
• Power factor is very low.
• Due to I2R, copper losses in the shading ring the
efficiency is very low.
• Speed reversal is very difficult, additional set of
shading ring is required. method is complicated
and expensive.
• Size and power rating of these motors is very small.
• Available in the range of 1/300 to 1/20 KW.
• ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
• Very cheap
• Low starting torque
• Low power factor
• Low efficiency
• APPLICATIONS
• Small fans , toy motors, advertising displays,
film projectors, record players, gramophones,
hair dryers, photo copying machine, etc.
 Equivalent Circuit
• Equivalent circuit has two components
One for forward field with slip S
Other for Backward field with slip (2-S)
The net torque is positive in the direction in
which the motor is started.
• Solving the equivalent circuit for any slip S the
performance of the motor can be determined.
 No Load And Blocked Rotor Test
No load test : Rated voltage is applied to the
main winding - input current and power are
measured.
Blocked rotor test : Reduced voltage applied to
the main winding – rotor blocked (rated
current not to be exceeded) – input current
and power measured.
Main winding resistance measured.
SPECIAL MACHINES
 Reluctance Motors
• The stator produces rotating magnetic field.
• Rotor is non cylindrical – The reluctance of the
magnetic path offered by the rotor to the rotating
field is a function of space angle.
• Rotor has a tendency to align itself in the
minimum reluctance position
• Motor made self starting by induction principle
by providing short circuit copper bars in the
projecting parts of the rotor.
 Hysteresis Motors
• When the rotor of an induction motor is built
up of a group of a specially hardened steel
rings instead of usual thin silicon steel
laminations, the effect of hysteresis is
magnified. As a result, the rotor will operate at
synchronous speed because the hysteresis
property of the rotor steel strongly opposes
any change in the magnetic polarities once
they are established.
 AC Series Motor
• Field and armature windings are connected in
series.
• when an alternating EMF is applied to the
motor, since the field flux and armature current
reverses simultaneously every half cycle, the
direction of the torque remains unchanged.
• The torque is pulsating, but the average value is
equal to that of d.c.motor.
• When normal dc series motor is
connected to an a.c. supply, both
field and armature current get
reversed and unidirectional torque
gets produced in the motor hence
motor can work on a.c. supply.
Performance of such motor is not satisfactory due to the following
reasons:

• There are high eddy current losses in the yoke

and field cores, which causes over heating.
• Armature and field offer high reactance to ac
due to which operating power factor is low.
• Sparking at a brushes – major problem
- because of high voltage and current
induced in the short circuited armature coils
during commutation period.
 MODIFICATIONS
• To reduce the eddy current losses, yoke and pole core
construction is laminated.
• Power factor can be improved by reducing the magnitudes of
field and armature reactances.
• Field reactance can be decreased by reducing the number of
turns.
• But this reduces the field flux.
• This reduction in flux increases the speed and reducing the
torque.
• To keep the torque same it is necessary to increase the
armature turns proportionately.
• This increases the armature inductance.
• Increased armature flux produces severe
armature reaction.

• To compensate it, it is necessary to use

compensated winding.

• Flux produced by this winding is opposite to

that of flux produced by armature –it
effectively neutralizes the armature reaction.
• If a compensating winding is connected in
series with the armature , the motor is said to
be “conductively compensated”.
– For motors to be operated on a.c and d.c. both,
the compensation should be conductive.
• if compensating winding is short circuited on itself ,
the motor is said to be inductively compensated.
•In this compensating winding – acts as secondary of
transformer, armature – as its primary.
•Ampere turns produce by this wdg neutralize the
armature reactance.
 Action taken in commutation period

• Flux per pole is reduced

• No. of poles are increased.
• Frequency of supply used is reduced.
• Single turn armature coils are used.
• Characteristics similar to DC Series Motor
• Torque = square of armature current
• Speed = 1/ armature current
• Started with some load- because speed is high
at start.
• Because of high starting torque used in
– Electric traction
– Hoists
– locomotives
 UNIVERSAL MOTORS
• Small capacity motors
• Operated on both DC & AC
• Manufactured in two types
– Non compensated, low H.P
– Compensated Type , high H. P
– Better speed torque characteristics
– Designed for full load operating speed ranges(3000 to 20000
rpm)
 Applications
• Non-compensated type – low H.P applications
• Compensated type – high H.P applications
• Universal motors – domestic – vacuum
cleaners, food processors, mixers , hair dryers,
coffee grinders, electric shavers.
• Blowers, portable tools like drilling machines,
small drives.
 Repulsion Motors
• The repulsion motor are similar to series
motor i.e. high starting torque and high
speeds at light loads. The stator carries a
distributed winding like main winding of
ordinary single-phase induction motor. The
rotor is similar to d.c.motor armature.