PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

NHERU BONOAN VERAFLOR

CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPT.
OVERVIEW
Humans as intuitive beings

- Look into something

- Look for something
- Compare and contrast
- Find more information
OVERVIEW
We all engage in or do social
research as we act on the
basis and results of our own
research and theorizing

What we think affects the

way we behave
 Class Activity

ON A POST IT NOTE…
What do we usually do
with the information we had
researched?
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The purpose of any scientific inquiry is to add to a

body of knowledge that helps explain, predict,
or control events of interest in the domain.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative approach
designs and examines
social phenomena through
quantifiable evidence, and
often relies on statistical
analysis of many causes to
create valid and reliable
general claims.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The overall goal of quantitative research is

to convey numerically what is being
seen in the research and to arrive at
specific and observable conditions.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Influenced by
EMPIRICIST IDEA
(concerned with
cause and effect;
uses data based on
empirical observation
and critical
interpretation)
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Uses Scientific Method
- Uses models, theories and hypothesis
- Develop instruments and methods for
measurement
- Experimental control and manipulations of
variables
- Collection of empirical data
- Modeling and analysis of data
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Importance of Statistics
- Most widely used branch of
mathematics
- Appropriate use of statistical method
is based on the hypothesis,
statement of the problem and
population
SPSS Statistics App
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIV
E RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

1. The data are usually

gathered using
more structured
instrument.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

2. The results are

based on larger
samples sizes that
are representative of
the population
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

3.The research study

can usually be
replicated or
repeated, giving it
a high reliability
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

4. The researcher has

a clearly defined
research question to
which objective
answers are sought.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

5. All aspects of the

study are carefully
designed before the
data are collected.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

6. Data are in the form

of numbers and
statistics.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

7. Project can be used

generalize concepts
more widely, predict
future results, or
investigate causal
relationship
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI R.

8. Researcher uses
tools, such as
questionnaires or
computer software,
to collect numerical
data.
OVERALL AIM OF QUANTI R. is…

CLASSIFY GEATURES, COUNT

THEM, AND CONSTRUCT
STATISTICAL MODELS IN AN
ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN WHAT IS
OBSERVED….
Write Quanti if the statement describes the characteristics of a
quantitative research and Quali if it is qualitative research.

1. Researcher has a clearly defined research

question to which objective answers are sought.
2. Data are in the form of numbers and
statistics, often arranged in tables, charts,
figures, or other non-textual forms.
3. The data is usually gathered using structured
research instruments.
Write Quanti if the statement describes the characteristics of a
quantitative research and Quali if it is qualitative research.

4. It tends to be associated with small-scale

studies and a holistic perspective, often
studying a
single occurrence or small number of
occurrences/case studies in great depth.
5. The research study can usually be replicated
or repeated, given its high reliability.
Write Quanti if the statement describes the characteristics of a
quantitative research and Quali if it is qualitative research.

6. It is not based upon numerical

measurements and does not use numbers and
statistical methods
as key research indicators and tools.
7. Emphasis is on discovery rather than proof.
8. Data is in the form of words, pictures or
objects.
Write Quanti if the statement describes the characteristics of a
quantitative research and Quali if it is qualitative research.

9. The results are based on larger sample

sizes that are representative of the
population.
10. It tends to be associated with
emergent research design, using a wide
range of approaches.
TYPES OF
VARIABLES
 TYPES OF VARIABLES

A variable is something that can take

on different values for different
subjects in a given research.
 TYPES OF VARIABLES

 According to values

 According to scale of measurement

 According to relationship
 TYPES OF VARIABLES

1 TO VALUES
ACCORDING
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES
Qualitative Variable or
1.1. Categorical Variable
These are variables whose
data are non-numeric and
whose observation vary in
kind but not in degree.
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES
Qualitative Variable or
1.1. Categorical Variable
Examples:
sex- male or female
religion- Roman Catholic, Isla, etc
civil status- single,married
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES
Quantitative Variable or
1.2. Continuous Variable
These are variables whose data
are counts or numerical
measurements and whose
observations vary in magnitude
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES
Quantitative Variable or
1.2. Continuous Variable
Examples:
age, income, number of
children, height, weight
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES
Quantitative Variable or
1.2. Continuous Variable
Two types of Quantitative Variable
1. Discrete Variables
2. Continuous Variables
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES

1.2.1. Discrete Variables

Quantitative variables whose
observations can assume only a
countable numbers and values
cannot take the decimal form
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES

1.2.1. Discrete Variables

Examples:
number of children in the family
number of students in the class
Number of houses in the city
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES

1.2.2. Continuous Variables

quantitative variables whose
observations can assume any one
of the countless number of values
in a line interval
 VARIABLES ACC.TO VALUES

1.2.2. ContinuousVariables
Examples:
height- 5 feet, 4.6 inches
weight- 115 lbs 68kgs
time- 1 hour, 46 minutes
 TYPES OF VARIABLES

2 ACCORDING
TO SCALE OF
MEASUREMENT
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.1. Nominal Variable

variable whose data are non-
numeric labels that do not
reflect quantitative
information
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.1. Nominal Variable

Examples:
sex- male or female
civil status- single, married
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.2. Ordinal Variable

Variables where there is a
meaningful order or categories
but there is no measurable
distance between categories
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.2. Ordinal Variable

• An ordinal variable is a nominal
variable, but its different states are
ordered in a meaningful sequence.
• Ordinal data has order but the intervals
between scale points may be uneven.
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.2. Ordinal Variable

• Because of lack of equal distances,
arithmetic operations are impossible,
but logical operations can be performed
on the ordinal data.
• A typical example of an ordinal variable
is the socio-economic status of families.
 Examples
You might ask patients to express the amount of pain
they are feeling on a scale of 1 to 10.

A score of 7 means more pain that a score of 5, and that

is more than a score of 3. But the difference between the
7 and the 5 may not be the same as that between 5 and
3. The values simply express an order.
For example, you might ask patients to express the
amount of pain they are feeling on a scale of 1 to 10. A
score of 7 means more pain that a score of 5, and that is
more than a score of 3. But the difference between the 7
and the 5 may not be the same as that between 5 and 3.
The values simply express an order. Another example
would be movie ratings, from * to *****.
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.3. Interval Variable

Variable whose data values are
ranged in a real interval and can
be as large as from negative
infinity to positive infinity.
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.3. Interval Variable

Examples:

temperature, IQ level
VARIABLES ACC. SCALE MSRMT.

2.4. Ratio Variable

• The highest level of measurement that
has all the characteristics of the interval
plus a true zero point.
• Both the differences and the ration of
two values are meaningful and there is
always an absolute zero that is
meaningful.
 Examples

•Height
•Weight
•enzyme activity
 OK to compute.... Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
frequency distribution. Yes Yes Yes Yes
median and percentiles. No Yes Yes Yes
add or subtract. No No Yes Yes
mean, standard
deviation, standard No No Yes Yes
error of the mean.
ratio, or coefficient of
No No No Yes
variation.
 TYPES OF VARIABLES

3 ACCORDING
RELATIONSHIP
VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

3.1. Independent
Variable
Manipulated variable
that cause change in
another variable
VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

3.2. Dependent
Variable
Those that are affected by
independent variables.
VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

Independent Dependent
Variable cause Variable
VARIABLES ACC.RELATIONSHIP

3.3. Intervening
Variable
These are called test or control
variables that either increaseor
decrease the effect of IV to DV.
 Activity 2: Variables
WATER VOICE ACADEMIC GRADES
SKILLS GHOST ASPIRATIONS
HANDWRITING TEXTBOOKS EXPERIENCE
ANGEL TEACHING PERSONNEL WORLD
LIFE PLANS ECONOMIC STATUS CLASS SIZE
MENTAL PICTURES READING PHYSICAL EXERCISE
COMPREHENSION

Direction: On your portfolio, list only the word/s that can

operate as variables in any research study.
 Activity 3: Variables 2

Write C is the
sentence is
correct and W if
not.
1. The experimenter relates
himself/herself with the
independent variable.
2. An example of quantitative
variable is the religion of
the students.
3. All variables are prone to
changes or variations
4. All variables are controllable
5. The effects of something on
dependent variables are
measurable
 Activity 4: Variables 3
Identify all the acting variables
in your research and categorize
them according to:
 According to values
 According to scale of
measurement
 According to relationship
END