ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

D SRIJA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,M.Tech(AU).
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I:(15 Hours)
Introduction to Engineering Drawing: Principles of Engineering Graphics and their
significance, usage of Drawing instruments, lettering, types of lines and Dimensioning.
Over view of Auto-CAD: Theory of CAD software (The Menu System, Tool Bars,
drawing area, Dialogue boxes, Shortcut Menu, the command lines, Select and erase
objects, Introduction to layers etc.), Drawing simple figures- lines, planes, solids.
UNIT-II: (10 Hours)
Geometrical constructions: Construction of regular polygons.
Conic sections: Construction of Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola (General method only),
Cycloid, Epicycloid, Hypocycloid and Involutes.
Scales: Construction of Plain, Diagonal and Vernier scales.
SYLLABUS
UNIT-III: (20 Hours)
Orthographic projections: Principles of Orthographic Projections
Projections of Points: Projections of Points placed in different quadrants
Projection of lines: lines parallel and inclined to both the planes (Determination of true
lengths and true inclinations and traces)
Projection of planes: Planes inclined to both the reference planes

UNIT-IV: (15 Hours)

Projection of Solids: Projection of solids whose axis is parallel to one of the reference
planes and inclined to the other plane, axis inclined to both the planes
TEXT BOOKS:
1.Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt / Charotar Publications
2.Engineering Drawing,K.L.Narayana and Kannaiah/Scietech
Publishers

REFERENCES:
Engineering Drawing,K.Venugopal/G.Sreekanjana,New Age
International Publishers
Engineering Drawing
 ENGINEERING DRAWING
An Engineer will be able to communicate his ideas to
others effectively through drawing.

Engineering drawing is considered as the

language of Engineers.

Definition : A Drawing prepared by

an engineer, foran engineering purpose is
known as an Engineering drawing.
 Importance of Engineering Drawing

 Engineering Drawing is a two dimensional representation

of a three dimensional object. It is the graphic language,
from which a trained person can visualize the object.
 Engineering drawing is formal and precise way of
communicating information about theshape, size, features
and precision of physical objects.
 Drawing is the universal language of Engineering
 GEOMETRICAL DRAWING
Geometric drawing is the foundation of all Engineering Drawings.it is the art of
represemtation of geometrical objects such as square,rectagle,cylinder,cone,sphere
etc on Drawing Sheet. Geometrical drawing consists of
Plain Geometrical Drawing is the art of representation of objects having two
dimensions i.e., length and breadth such as square,rectangle,quadrilateral etc., on a
Drawing sheet
Solid Geometrical Drawing is the art of representation of objects of three
dimensions i.e., length,breadth and height such as cube,cylinder,sphere etc., on the
Drawing sheet.
 USES
 Machine Drawing in the Machine Industries.
 Structural Drawing inthe structural constructions such as Buildings,Bridges,Dams.
 Electrical Drawing in Electrical Industries.
 Aeronautical Drawing in Aircraft Manufacturing.
 Marine Drawing in Ship Construction.
 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
 The Engineering profession has been greatly enhanced by the advent of the
computer and computer graphics
 The time saved by the computer in solving complex problems and in modifying
designs makes it possible to plan and to construct more sophisticated Engineering
systems,machines and structures than in the past
A typical study of the drawing course will lead to the
following observations.

• It develops a type of discipline in graphical

techniques.
• It develops ability to analyze and communicate ideas.
• It helps in imagining the proper size, shape & form of an
object.
• It develops capacity of reasoning & judgment.
• It helps in the study of other Engineering subjects.
TYPES OF DRAWING
 TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
• Drawing board
• Drawing sheets & Supporting sheet
• Mini-drafter
• Instrument box
• Scales
• Drawing pencils (2H,H and HB Grades)
• Eraser
• Clips and Drawing pins/Adhesive tape
• Protractor
Drawing Board
o To make lines on a drawing paper
smooth and straight, a polished
drawing board is one of the top
most requirements.
 Drawing board
Sizes of drawing boards
S. No. Designation Size (mm)
1 B0 1000 X 1500
2 B1 700 X 1000
3 B2 500 X 700
4 B3 350 X 500
Working with T-square
Mini-Drafter
This instrument gives
faster drawing asit
serves the purpose of Set-
Square, Protractor and
scales.
Set – square
o Set-Squares are available in 450
and 300 600 angles. From this
type of set we can easily draw
different angle lines as shown
below.
compass
Large size compass 1 mm gap
DRAWING PENCILS
 Pencils recommended
PENCIL LINES

2H Initial work, construction lines, locus

lines, projectors, extension lines etc.
H Lettering, dimensioning, figures in the
assumed position and anything given in
the problem, section lines etc.,
HB Aim of the problem (Result), outer lines
 STANDARDS
• For the convenience of exchange of information and to buy or sell machinery from or to a
foreign country and to facilitate interchangeability of parts it is essential to have standard
code of practice
 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standards Body formed by
the Government of India on 1 April 1987, replacing Indian Standard
Institution(ISI) existing earlier.
• The other foreign standards are
– DIN of Germany
– BS of Britain
• BIS works in association with ISO,Geniva ( International Standards Organization )
 I.S.O has formulated and issued such international standards for Engineering
Drawing,for which our country has given the approval and accordingly modified the
Indian Standards IS:696-1972 to IS:10714-1983.
1) Drawing sheets: (Sizes,layout etc.)- IS:10711-1983.
2) Lines: (General principles of Presentation of Technical Drawings)- IS:10714-1983
3) Lettering for Technical Drawings: IS:9609-1983
4) Methods of Dimensioning: IS:10718-1983
 DRAWING SHEETS

 LAYOUT:
1)Size of Drawing Sheets
2)Layout of Drawing Sheets
 TYPES OF LINES
SIZES OF DRAWING SHEETS
Drawing sheet formats
 LAYOUT OF DRAWING SHEET
 After fixing the drawing sheet on the Drawing board draw
1) Boarder lines
2) Title Block
TITLE BLOCK
Basic lines :
LINES:
 LETTERING
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes, and other important particulars on a
drawing is called lettering.
Single stroke letters( recommended by BIS)
i) Vertical( mostly used)
ii) Inclined
Gothic letters(main titles of ink drawing)
Inclined letters are lean to the right, the slope being 75º with the
horizontal.
lettering is generally done in capital letters
Single stroke letters are the simplest form of letters generally used
in engineerig drawing. Here, Single stroke means that the thickness
of the letters should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the
pencil.
Gothic (thick) letters are used for ink-drawings.
Size of letters is measured by height ‘h’ of capital letters as well as
numerals.
Standard heights: 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10,14, 20 mm
Main title: 5 or 7 or 10 mm
Sub-titles: 3.5 or 5 mm
Dimensions, notes etc: 2.5, 3.5, 5 mm

Capital letters Size-10:7(height:width) Gap:2mm

TOMQVAXY -10:8 ; W-10:12;
I - 10:2; others 10:7
Lower-case: 0.7 times capital letters
with stem or tail(b,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,p,q,t,y)- 10:7 (0.7+0.3+0.3)
Without stem or tail- 7:5 m & w-7:7
i -10:2
Numericals(0 to 9 except 1)- 10:6 and 1 - 10:2
NOTE
 Vertical letters are preferable for execution
 Always draw guide lines (2H pencil) and do the lettering
(HB Pencil) between them.
 Spacing between two letters should be approximately
equal to 1/5 th height of the letters. The letters should be
spaced that,by eye judgement,they do not appear too
close together or too much apart.
 Space between two words should be approximately
equal to 3/5th of the height of letters.
Lettering types
Lowercase letters are rarely used in engineering sketches
except for lettering large volumes of notes. Vertical
lowercase letters are used on map drawings, but very
seldom on machine drawings.
DIMENSIONING
Which is better ?
 DIMESIONING
The information of size on the drawing is called “Dimensioning”. It
plays an important role as it helps in giving the correct and accurate size
of the part to be manufactured.
•Drawing without dimensions is meaningless The elements of
dimensioning are:
– Dimension line
– Extension line
– Arrowheads
– Dimension figures
– Leaders
– Notes
*Dimension lines should always be parallelto the lineit
dimensions.
*Extension line should extend slightly beyond the dimension line.
Lines used in Dimensioning
o Dimensioning requires the use of
 Dimension lines
 Extension lines
 Leader lines

o All three line types are drawn thin.

 Dimension line
oDimension line: A line terminated by arrowheads, which
indicates the direction and extension of a dimension.
oExtension line: An extension line is a thin solid line that
extends from a point on the drawing to which the dimension
refers.
o Leader Line:A straight inclined thin solid line that is
usually terminated by an arrowhead.
DIMENSION LINE
 Arrowheads
• Arrowheads are drawn between the extension lines if
possible.If space is limited, they may be drawn on the
outside.
What are the 6 dimensioning
mistakes?
Mistakes are:
Correctly Dimensioned
 SYSTEM OF DIMENSIONING

1. ALIGNED SYSTEM
2. UNI-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM
GENERAL PRINCIPLES:
 All dimensions should be detailed on a drawing.
 No single dimension should be repeated except where unavoidable.
 Mark the dimensions outside the drawing as far as possible.
 Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible.
 The longer dimensions should be placed outside all intermediate
dimensions,so that dimension lines will not cross extension lines.
NOTE:
 Only one method should be used on any one Drawing
 In both the methods,overall dimension should be placed outside the intermediate
dimensions.
 When an overall dimension is shown, one of the intermediate dimensions should
not be marked
 Ø and R symbols for diameter and radius.
ANGULAR DIMENSION