This document provides information about cells and microscopes. It defines cells and their components. It describes the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and plant and animal cells. It lists the organelles in eukaryotic cells and their functions. It also describes the parts and functions of microscopes, and how to determine magnification, field of view, and size of objects viewed under the microscope.
This document provides information about cells and microscopes. It defines cells and their components. It describes the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and plant and animal cells. It lists the organelles in eukaryotic cells and their functions. It also describes the parts and functions of microscopes, and how to determine magnification, field of view, and size of objects viewed under the microscope.
This document provides information about cells and microscopes. It defines cells and their components. It describes the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and plant and animal cells. It lists the organelles in eukaryotic cells and their functions. It also describes the parts and functions of microscopes, and how to determine magnification, field of view, and size of objects viewed under the microscope.
This document provides information about cells and microscopes. It defines cells and their components. It describes the discovery of cells and the cell theory. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and plant and animal cells. It lists the organelles in eukaryotic cells and their functions. It also describes the parts and functions of microscopes, and how to determine magnification, field of view, and size of objects viewed under the microscope.
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Unit 2: Cells
& Microscope Cell Objectives: 1. Know the Organization of life.
2. Know who first saw cells.
3. Know The Cell Theory. 4. Know the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. 5. Know the 12 organelles in Eukaryotic cells. 6. Know the differences between plant and animal cells. Cells All living things are composed of cells.
A cell is a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the
materials necessary for life.
An organism is anything that can live on its own.
Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.
Unicellular: Made up of only one cell. They usually need to be
seen using a microscope.
Multi-cellular: Made up of more than one cell. They have
groups of cells that work together. Discovery of Cells Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. He was looking at cork from the bark of a tree using a microscope.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw the first living cells in 1673.
He observed pond scum, blood and was the first
person to see bacteria. The Cell Theory Scientists later discovered a lot more about cells using more powerful microscopes.
They developed The Cell Theory.
The Cell Theory States:
o Cells are the smallest living thing o Every living thing is made of cells o Cells divide to form new cells
Theodor Schwann developed the theory in 1839.
Organization of Life For Multi-cellular organisms:
cells Make up
tissues Make up
organs Make up
organ systems Make up
organisms Types of Cells Prokaryotic: Cells that do NOT have a nucleus Do NOT have membrane bound organelles Circular DNA Bacteria
Eukaryotic: Cells that DO have a nucleus
Do have membrane bound organelles Linear DNA All other organisms Cell Parts (Organelles) Eukaryotic Cells:
Organelles are found floating here Function of cell parts 2. Cell Membrane
Protects the cell
Keeps cytoplasm inside Allows materials in and out of the cell Function of cell parts 3. Cell Wall
Provides strength and support to cell membrane
Found only in plant cells Gives plant cells their square shape
Cell wall
Cell membrane Function of cell parts 4. Nucleus
Control center of the cell = “brain”
Where DNA is found
5. Nucleolus
Stores materials to make
ribosomes Found inside nucleus Function of cell parts
6. Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Amino acids are joined together to make proteins. Are found in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum Smallest but most abundant organelle Function of cell parts 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Internal delivery system
Makes lipids and other materials for inside and outside the cell. Breaks down drugs and other harmful chemicals. May be covered with ribosomes (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) Found near nucleus Function of cell parts
8. Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Energy for the cell is made here from nutrients Surrounded by two membranes Function of cell parts 9. Chloroplast
Absorbs sunlight to help plants make
nutrients for energy Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) Found only in plant cells Function of cell parts 10. Golgi Complex
Materials are packaged in vesicles for shipment
outside of the cell. Located near the cell membrane Function of cell parts 11. Vacuole
Stores water and other liquids
Large vacuoles found in plants
Contractile Vacuole: Squeezes excess water out of the cell Function of cell parts 12. Lysosomes
Digest (breakdown) materials found in vesicles
with enzymes (chemicals). Get rid of wastes Protect the cell against invaders Found in Animal cells cell wall cell membrane chloroplast Animal Cell lysosome Plant Cell
ER DNA Microscope Objectives: 1. Know the parts of the microscope. 2. Know the functions of microscope parts. 3. Know how to determine orientation of an object under the microscope. 4. Know how to determine magnification, field of view and size of an object. 5. Know proper technique to use microscope. Microscope parts
Use this diagram to label your microscope picture
Microscope Functions Eyepiece: The part you look through. Where you place your eye.
Arm: Attaches eyepiece to the base.
Body tube: Supports the eyepiece
Coarse adjustment knob: This moves the stage up and down to
get object into initial focus. NEVER use under high power. Fine adjustment knob: Used to make small adjustments to the focus. Microscope Functions Nosepiece: Rotating piece that changes objectives (low & high)
Objectives: Lens that magnify the object
Stage: The place where the specimen is placed.
Stage clips: Holds the specimen slide in place.
Diaphragm: Allows different amounts of light through the slide.
Light source: Reflects light onto the stage to observe specimen
Base: Supports the entire microscope
Determining total magnification Multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective.
Eyepiece = 10x Objective = 4x
Total magnification = 10 x 4 = 40x
Eyepiece = 10x Objective = 40x
Total magnification = 10 x 40 = 400x Object Orientation cover slip e slide
As you look through the eyepiece the image you
see is upside down and backwards from the specimen on the slide. If you move the slide to the left the object moves to the right in the eyepiece. If you move the slide to the right the object moves to the left in the eyepiece. Field of View Each mark = 1 mm or 1000 μm Determine the field of view by counting marks under low power. 100x Field of view = 3mm or 3000 μm
Determining object size
Using the determined field of view: 1. Count the number of cells in a row. 100x 2. Divide the number of cells into the field of view in μm. 1. 6 cells 2. 3000 μm / 6 cells = 500 μm (size of one cell)
