PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL

CODE
ENGR ARIEL TAN MIRANDA, DFSE
BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
DEPUTY CHIEF FIRE SAFETY ENFORCEMENT BRANCH,ORD NCR
and Concurrent Chief Technical Staff Makati Central Fire Station
Technical Consultant on High Rise Building
Member:
Technical Working Group on Preparation of IRR (RA 9514-Fire Code)
Mobile Training Team Leader of RA 9514 and RA 9485
Technical Committee of Revision of Fire Safety Correction Sheets
Task Force Validation and Verification
AWARDED: MEDALYA NG KASANAYAN
ELECTRICITY

Is a form of energy generated

by friction, induction or chemical
change, having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Volts or Voltage
Is the electrical pressure that causes the
electrons to move through a conductor (wire).
In other words is the electromotive force.

Ampere
Is the standard unit in measuring the
strength of an electric current.
Watt
Is the rate or measure of power used or
consumed. It represent the equivalent heat
volts and ampere consumed by the lights,
appliances or motors.

Circuit
refers to the wire installation that supply
current to light and convenient outlets.

Resistance
Is the friction or opposition to the flow of
current by the wires and transformer
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Is the flow or rate of flow of electric force in
a conductor. A current will only flow if a
circuit is formed comprising a complete loop
and contains all the following required
components.

1. Source of voltage
2. A closed loop of wiring
3. An electric load
4. A means of opening and closing the
circuit
ELECTRIC CURRENT IS CLASSIFIED AS:

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

The DC electricity, flows in one direction.

The flow is said to be from negative to
positive. The normal source of a DC
electricity is the dry cell or storage battery
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

The AC electricity constantly reverses its

direction of flow. It is generated by machine
called generator. This type of current is
universally accepted because of its unlimited
number of applications with the following
advantages.
ADVANTAGES OF AC CIRCUIT

1. It is easily produced;
2. It is cheaper to maintain;
3. It could be transformed into higher
voltage;
4. It could be distributed to far distance
with low voltage;
5. It is more efficient compared with
direct current
COMPARISON OF AC AND DC ELECTRICITY
Under the principles of DC electricity. The
Power is the product of voltage and
current
WATTS = VOLTS x AMPERES
Under the principles of AC electricity, the
product of volts and amperes is equal to
the quantity called volt-amperes(v.a) which
is not the same as watts.

VOLTS AMPERES = VOLTS x AMPERES

and to convert volt-ampere to WATTS or
POWER, a power factor (pf) is introduced.
and to get power in an ac circuit, we have the
following formula;

WATTS = VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR

W = V x I x pf
 THE OHMS LAW
“The higher the voltage, the larger the
current, and the higher the resistance , the
lower the current”
The relationship between the current,
voltage and resistance is presented in the
following equation.
V=IxR
where:
I – current flow (amperes)
V = electromotive force(volts)
R = resistance (ohms)
 POWER AND ENERGY

POWER and ENERGY is too frequently

interchangeably used. Power is the technical
term for the common word work, and Work,
is the product of Power and Time expressed
in the following equation:
ENERGY or Work = Power x Time
Power is the rate at which energy is used or
alternatively, the rate at which work is done.

Energy it is associated with work

OHMS V2 P
V V
LAW VxI
R
R
P I √P
I² x R AMPERES
WATTSV2 R

V2 R R V √P x R
P OHMS VOLTS

V IxR
R P P
I² I
ILLUSTRATION 1

Determine the current flow in a circuit having a

resistance of 5 ohms on a 120 volts and 240 volts
current supply.

SOLUTION:
For 120 volts: I = V/R = 120/5 = 24 ampers

For 240 volts: I = V/R = 240/5 = 48 ampers

ILLUSTRATION 2:
A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 50
ohms, is connected to a socket with 240 volts.
a. how much current flows through the
lamp?
b. calculate the power drawn.
SOLUTION:
I = V/R = 240/50 = 4.8 amperes
where power factor(pf) in a purely resistive circuit,
such as those with only electric heating elements, impedance
or resistance power factor is equal to 1.0. Thus
W = VI x pf = 240 x 4.8 x 1.0 = 1,152 watts
W = I² x R = 4.8² x 50 = 1,152 watts
ILLUSTRATIO 3:
A 12 amperes electric fan and blower with a
power factor of 0.85 was connected to a 240
volts. Calculate the current and power in the
circuit.

SOLUTION:
Power (watts) = volts x amperes x power factor
W = 240 volts x 12 amp x 0.85
W = 2,448 watts
ILLUSTRATIO 4:
An electric motor has a trade mark label of 2
horse power, 240 volts , 15 amperes.
Calculate the power factor.
SOLUTION:
Assume motor efficiency say 85%
1 horse power is 746 watts
746 watts x 2 horse power(HP) = 1,492 watts
For AC current:
Power = Volts x amperes x power factor
P = V x I x pf
pf = P/ V x I = 1,755/ 240 x 15
pf = 0.4875
APPLIANCES LOAD DAILY USED

Electric Iron 1,200 watts 2 hours

Water Heater 1,000 watts 3 hours
Toaster 2,300 watts 30 minutes
SOLUTION:
Electric iron 1,200 w = 1.2kw x 2 hrs = 2.4 kwh
Water heater 1,000 w = 1.0kw x 3 hrs = 3.0 kwh
Toaster 2,300 w = 2.3kw x 0.5 hrs = 1.15 kwh
Total = 6.55 kwh
If the average cost of energy is P 5.00 per kwh, for
30 days consumption. How much your electric bill?
30 x 6.55 = 196.50 kwh per month x P 5.00
= Php 982.50
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 120
VOLTS & 240 VOLTS
The owner of a 5 kw electric motor
irrigation pump requested line connection
from the electric cooperative. The owner was
given an option to avail of either 120 or 240
volts service. What is the good choice if the
circuit line has a resistance of 0.42 ohms.
 120 VOLTS 240 VOLTS
CURRENT 5,000 W 5,000 W
120 240
= 41.66 amps = 20.83 amp
Minimum wire size
required to carry NO. 8 AWG NO. 12 AWG
the current w/o
overheating
Relative cost of the
No. 8 and No. 12 2.2 1.0
wire in comparative
ratio
Voltage drop 41.66 x 0.42 20.83 x 0.42
17.50 V 8.75 V
14.60% 3.60%
WIRE SIZE AND AMPERE
CAPACITY
LOAD LIMIT IN WATTS
WIRE SIZE
N0. AWG AMPERES CIRCUIT LOAD
CAPACITY LIMIT IN
14 15 IN WATTS
12 20 AMPERES
10 30 15 1800
8 40 20 2400
6 55
30 3600
4 70 NOTE:
2 95 AMPACITY OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR
0 125 AMPACITY is defined as the ability of the
00
wire or conductor to carry current
145
without overheating.
000 165
 BRANCH CIRCUIT
Electric Circuit
Refers to the complete path traversed by an
electric current.
Branch Circuit
Is defined as “the circuit conductors between
the final over current protective device and the
outlets”
NOTE:
The branch circuit is only the wiring installed
between the over current protective device i.e fuse
or circuit breaker, and the outlets.
THE BRANCH CIRCUIT COMPRISES THE FOLLOWING:
1. The source of voltage
2. The wiring and
3. The load

Overcurrent Device

LOAD

Source of voltage Wiring the Branch Load i.e. Outlets

Circuit
Circuit design varies according to the number of
designers. However , good circuitry design is based
on the following:

FLEXIBILITY OF THE CIRCUIT

Means that the installation can accommodate all
probable pattern arrangements and location of the
loads for expansion, or future development.

REALIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF SERVICE

Means to have a continuous service and supply of
power that are all dependent on the wiring system.
1. the utility service
2. building electric system
SAFETY
Means that independent service can be used in lieu of
emergency equipment as back up for normal services.
The following principles should be considered:
1. To provide double emergency power equipment at
selected weak points in the system;
2. That the electrical services and the building
distribution system must act together so that the
power can reach the desired point of service;
3. Critical loads within the facility must be pinpointed
to determine the best way to serve them by providing
a reliable power from the outside source , or by
standby power package for them;
4. The system design must readily detect any
equipment failure and to be corrected automatically.
5. Economy refers to initial cost as well as the
operating costs.
 6. Energy Consideration is a complex one
considering the following factors:
a. energy laws and codes
b. budget
c. energy conservation technique
d. energy control

7. Space Allocation must consider the

following:
1. easy maintenance
2. ventilation
3. expandability
4. centrality
5. limitations of access
 BRANCH CIRCUIT

GENERAL PURPOSE BRANCH CIRCUIT

Supplies outlets for lighting and
appliances including convenience receptacles.

APPLIANCE BRANCH CIRCUIT

Supplies outlets intended for feeding
appliances. Fixed lighting however, is not
supplied.

INDIVIDUAL BRANCH CIRCUIT

Is design to supply a single specific item
 GENERAL PURPOSE BRANCH CIRCUIT
Protective Device
Generally 15, 20 amperes

Light Outlet Appliance Outlet Convenience Outlet

 APPLIANCE BRANCH CIRCUIT
Protective Device
Generally 20 amperes

Aa
A
A A c.o.
Appliance Outlet Appliance Outlet Convenience Outlet
 INDIVIDUAL BRANCH CIRCUIT
Protective Device
Size required for item fed

Single Item
 PROTECTION OF THE BRANCH CIRCUIT
Branch Circuit should be protected from over
current. Hence, an over all current protection devices shall
be installed in all branch circuits.

FUNCTION OF OVER CURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICE

Is to open the circuit (disconnect the line) when the
current rating capacity of the equipment being protected is
exceeded.

OVER CURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES ARE INSTALLED IN

CIRCUITS TO PROTECT THE FOLLOWING:
a. The wiring
b. The transformer
c. The lights
d. appliances and other equipment
 FUSE, BREAKER AND PANEL BOARD
FUSE
Is defined as; an over all current protective device with a
circuit opening fusible element which opens(break) when there
is an over current in the circuit.
TYPES OF FUSE
a. Cartridge – which is enclosed in an insulating
fiber tube
b. Plug fuse – enclosed in a porcelain cap

CIRCUIT BREAKER
Is an over-current protective device designed to function
as switch. Basically, a circuit breaker is equipped an automatic
tripping device to protect the branch circuit from overload and
ground fault.
ADVANTAGES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER OVER THE FUSE

1. The CB act as switch from its being an over current

protective device;
2. Unlike the fuse has to be discarded after it was busted
due to an over current flow, the CB trips off
automatically and after correcting the fault, it is again
readily available for switch on;
3. CB can be multiple pole installed with 1,2 or 3 poles
which will simultaneously protect and switch one to
three lines. The fuse on the hand, is a single pole,
installed on a single wire that could only protect a
single line;
4. The CB can be manually tripped so that in many cases,
it also acts as the circuit switch.
 ADVANTAGES OF FUSE OVER THE CIRCUIT BREAKER

1. One major advantage of the fuse over the circuit

breaker is its reliability and stability. The fuse can
stay on its position for years and act when called
on to act as designed;

2. The cost of the fuse is very lower compared to

that of the circuit breaker;

3. Circuit Breaker has several moving parts which

requires maintenance and periodic testing to be
in good condition at all times.
PANEL BOARD
Is popularly known as panel or electrical panel.
Panel Board is simply the box wherein the protective
devices are grouped from which they are fed. If the
devices are fuses, it is called FUSE PANEL and if the
devices are circuit breakers, it is called BREAKER PANEL.

PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN INSTALLING PANEL BOARD

1. Shall be accessible and more convenient;

2. Centrally located to shorten the home wiring runs;
3. To limit voltage drop on the branch circuit, not more
than 35 meters of the branch circuit;
4. In case exceed 35 meters No. 10 AWG up to 50 meters
while No. 8 AWG for longer circuits.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES

ARMORED CABLE
Is fabricated assembly of insulated conductors
enclosed in flexible metal sheath. Used both on
exposed and concealed work.

METAL CLAD CABLE

Is a factory assembled cable of 1 or more
conductors each individually insulated and enclosed
in a metallic sheath of interclocking tape of a
smooth or corrugated tube. Especially used for
service feeders, branch circuits, and for indoor or
outdoor work.
MINERAL INSULATED CABLE (MI)
Is a factory assembly of 1 or more conductors
insulated with a highly compressed refractory mineral
insulation enclosed in a liquid and gas tight
continuous copper sheath. Used in dry, wet or
continuously moist location as service feeders or
branch circuit.

NON-METALLIC SHEATED CABLE (NM)

Having moisture resistance, flame retardant,
and non-metallic material outer sheath. Specifically
used for 1 or 2 family dwellings not exceeds 3 storey
buildings.
SHIELDED NON-METALLIC SHEATED CABLE (SNM)
1 or more insulated conductors in an extruded
core of moisture resistant and flame retardant
material covered within an overlapping spiral metal
tape. Used in hazardous locations and in cable trays
or in raceway.

SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE

SE or USE a single or multi-conductor assembly
provided with or without an over all covering
primarily used for service entrance.
 PROTECTION OF CONDUCTORS

RACEWAYS
Are channels or wiring accessories so designed
for holding wires, cables or busbars that are either
made of metal, plastic, or any insulating mediums.

CONDUITS
Is the most common electrical raceways used
in all types of construction. The type of materials
used;
a. Metallic such as steels pipes, aluminum, etc.
b. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like
PURPOSE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUITS

1. To provide a means for the running wires

from one point to another;
2. To physically protect the wires;
3. To provide a grounded enclosure;
4. To protect the surroundings against the effect
of fault in the wiring;
5. To protect the wiring system from damage by
the building and the occupants;
6. To protect the building and the occupants
from damage by the electric system.
CIRCUITING GUIDELINES

1. Sufficient circuitry to supply residential load of

30 watts/m² in buildings excluding porches,
garages and basements;
2. 30 watts/m² up to 80 m² , 20 ampere(2,400
watts) or 60 m² for 15 ampere circuit (1,800
watts);
3. The load shall not exceed 1,600 watts for 20
amperes circuit and 1,200 watts for 15
amperes, thus;
a. 1,200 watts – 15 amperes –
40m² max area
b. 1,600 watts – 20 amperes-
53 m² ax area
4. A minimum of 20 amperes appliance branch
circuit – small appliances- kitchen, pantry, dining
and family room;
5. General purpose branch circuit – 20 amperes –
No. 12 AWG;
6. Convenient receptacles shall be wired into two
circuits;
7. The kitchen outlets shall be fed from atleast 2 of
these circuit;
8. All receptacles are potential appliance outlet and
atleast 2 circuit shall be supplied to serve them;
9. ACU shall provide a separate circuit for this
particular appliance.
 OTHER GOOD PRACTICES IN CIRCUITING

1. Lighting and receptacles should not be combined

in a circuit;
2. Avoid connecting all building lights on a single
circuit;
3. Lighting and receptacles should be supplied with
current from at least 2 circuits;
4. Do not allow combination switch and receptacles
outlets;
5. One receptacle at bathroom and outside the
house- (GFCI);
6. Convenient outlet – 6 C.O. for 15 amperes and 8
C.O. for 20 ampers;
7. At least 1-20 amperes circuit – laundry outlets;
8. Convenient Outlets shall be laid at least 2.0
meters an outlets;

BRANCH CIRCUIT CAPACITY –ELECTRIC HEAT

OVERCURREN MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
T WATTS WATTS
PROTECTION
CIRCUIT
BREAKER 120 VOLTS 240 VOLTS
SIZE

15 AMP 1440 2880

 BRANCH CIRCUIT REQUIREMENTS

15 20 30 40 50
AMP AMP AMP AMP AMP

Max. size of No. 14 12 10 8 6

conductor
Min. size of tops No. 14 14 14 12 12

Over current device 15 amp 20 30 40 50

rating
Receptacle rating 15 amp 15-20 30 40-50 50

Maximum load 15 amp 20 30 40 50

 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN BUILDING

SERVICE ENTRANCE

Is defined as that portion of the

supply conductors which extends from
the street main duct or transformer to
the service or switched board of the
building supply.
 TWO TYPES OF SERVICE ENTRANCE

OVERHEAD SERVICE ENTRANCE

is the common type of service wire installed
by electric power supply companies for industrial,
commercial, and residential houses. A service drop
is connected from the nearest utility pole to the
building service entrance point and enter the
building through the weather head, down to the
electric power meter.

UNDERBGROUND SERVICE ENTRANCE

Is a supply conductor inside the
raceway(conduit) extending from the building to the
property line where it is tapped to the main.
ELECTRIC SERVICE METERING
Is generally installed outside the building at the
property line wall, or electric post for ready access to
the meter reader , making it more difficult to tamper or
to install jumpers.

FEEDER
All circuit conductors between the service
equipment or the generator switchboard of an isolated
plant, and the final branch circuits over current device.

MAIN FEEDER
Is a feeder interior wiring extending from the
service switch, generator bus, or converter bus, to the
main distribution center or electric service equipments.
LOCATION OF THE SERVICE EQUIPMENT
1. The Service Equipment should be centrally
located to shorten all home runs. Branch circuit
run in excess of 30 meters will have an
excessive voltage drop;

2. Accessible and convenient to approach;

3. In residential houses, it is located near the

heaviest load center such as the kitchen and the
laundry area.
SOLUTION:
Examining the lighting based on the plan, there are
19 lighting outlets. Split the 19 outlets into two
circuits A and B.

A. CIRCUIT -1 Lighting Load(10 lights bulbs)

1. The PEC provides that 100 watts be the
maximum load per light outlet. Thus, for 10 lights
outlet at 100 watts:
10 outlets x 100 watts = 1,000 watts

2. Compute the current load.

1,000 watts/ 230 volts = 4.35 amperes
 3. Find the size of the branch circuit wire. For
4.35 amperes, use 2.0 mm² TW copper

4.Find the rating of overcurrent protection.

For 4.35 amperes, use 15 amperes trip
breaker

5. Determine the size of conduit pipe.

For No.14 TW copper wire, use 13 mm
conduit pipe

B. Circuit -2 Lighting loads( 9 light outlets)

1. For 9 light outlets , find the total load in watts
9 outlets x 100 watts = 900 watts
900 watts/230 volts = 3.91 amperes
2. Determine the size of the branch circuit wire. For
3.9 amperes load, use 2.0 mm² or No. 14 TW
copper wire.

3. Determine the size of the conduit pipe. For 2

pieces No. 14 TW copper wire , use the 13 mm
minimum size of conduit pipe.

4. Determine the size or rating of the over current

protection, For 3.91 amperes load, use 15
amperes fuse or trip breaker.
C. Circuit -3 For Small Appliance Load
The PEC specify 180 watts load limit per
convenient outlet.
1. Find the no. of appliance outlet and the current
load:
6 outlets x 2 gang per outlet x 180 watts
12 x 180 watts = 2,160 watts
2,160 watts/230 volts = 9.39 amperes

2. Determine the size of the service wire

conductor, for the 9.39 amperes load, use
2 – 3.5 mm² or No. 12 TW copper wire
3. Determine the size of the conduit. For 2 pieces
of No. 12 TW copper, use 13 mm ø conduit pipe

4. Determine the size of the over current protection.

For 9.39 amperes on No. 12 AWG copper wire ,
use 20 Amp fuse pr trip breaker.

Now, determine other connected load in the systems

such as small appliance, range, water heater and air
conditioner.
D. Circuit -4 for Small Appliance Load:
The load of circuit-4 is identical with circuit 3.
Use the same size of wire, conduit, and wire
protection rating.
E. Circuit – 5 for Range Load
1. Range load (appliance rating) at 8.0kw =
8,000 watts
2. Solve for the line current
8,000 watts/230volts = 34.78 amperes
3. Apply 80% Demand Load Factor as per PEC
requirement on household appliances over
1.75 kw. 34.78 x .80 = 27.82 amperes
4. Determine the size of the branch circuit wire.
For 27.82 amperes , use 8.0mm² or No. 8.0
TW copper wire.

5. Determine the size of the conduit pipe. For

2 – No.8 AWG wire ,use 20 mm ø pipe.

6. Determine the size or rating of the fuse or trip

breaker, For appliance load, use 40 amperes
fuse or trip breaker.
( As per PEC standard rating for fuses and
circuit breaker)
F. Circuit -6 For Water Heater
1. One unit water heater at 2.5 kw = 2,500 watts
2. The line current will be;
2,500 watts/230 volts = 10.86 amperes
3. Determine the size of the branch circuit wire,
For the 10.86 amperes convenience outlet, use
2- 3.5 mm² or No. 12 TW copper wire.
4. Determine the size of the conduit pipe. For
2- No. 12 TW wire , use 13 mm ø conduit pipe
5. Determine the size or rating of the over
current protection. For the 10.86 amperes
load, use 20 amperes fuse or trip breaker
G. Circuit 7 and Circuit 8 1- Unit Aircon each
1. One unit air conditioner at 1.5 Hp
1.5 HP x 746 watts = 1,119 watts

2. Current Load:
1,119 watts/230 volts = 4.86 amperes

NOTE:
Article 6.7 of PEC provides that “ branch circuit
conductor supplying a motor shall have an ampacity
not less than 125% of the full load current”

4.86 amperes x 125% = 6.07 amperes

3. Determine the size of the branch circuit wire.
The 6.07 amperes can be served by 2 – No. 14
TW copper wire, but the code limits the size of
convenience outlet to NO. 12 AWG copper wire.
Therefore; Specify No. 12 THW copper wire for
circuit 7 and circuit 8.

4. Determine the size of the conduit, For 2- No. 12

THW wire, use 13 mm ø conduit pipe
5. Determine the size and rating of the branch
circuit over current protection . The Code on
branch protection for a single motor provides
that;
“It shall be increased by 250% of the full
load current of the motor”
 4.86 x 250% = 12.25 amperes
For a continuous load, use 2-30 amperes trip
breaker

CALCULATING THE AMPACITY OF THE SERVICE

ENTRANCE CONDUCTOR AND THE MAIN
DISCONNECTION MEANS
1. Determine the total current load of Ckt. 1 & Ckt 8:
Lighting Load Ckt. 1 & Ckt. 2 1,900 watts
Small Appliance load Ckt 3 & Ckt 4 4,320 watts
Other Loads Ckt. 5 & Ckt. 6 10, 500 watts

Total Load (except the ACU) 16,720 watts

2. Using PEC Optional Calculation for Dwelling Unit,
apply demand factor:

For the first 10,000 watts at 100% … 10,000 watts

Subtract: 16,720 – 10, 000 = 6,720 watts
For other loads, multiply by 40%
6,720 x 40 % ………………………….. 2,688 watts
Aircon at 100% DF
2 units at 1,119 watts …………….. 2,238 watts
Total 14, 926 watts

Total Connected Load plus 25% of the largest motor

1. Total Amperes of the connected load:
I = 14,926 watts + (25% of 1,119 watts)/230 volts
I = 63.37 amperes

2. Determine the size of the Main Feeder and the

Neutral Line, For 63. 37, use 2-22 mm² TW
copper wire
3. The Neutral Line conductor of a 3-wire line to line
supply shall have an ampacity of not less than
70% of the ungrounded (live wire) conductor or
two trade size smaller than the ungrounded
conductor, as PEC specifications
use 1- 8.0 mm² TW copper wire for the neutral
4. Determine the size of the conduit pipe,

For 2- 38 mm² TW and 1- 22 mm² TW copper wire

Use 32 mm ø conduit pipe.

5. Determine Main Breaker or Overcurrrent Protection

For 63.37 amperes , Use 2-100 amperes 2-wire

250 volts, 2-pole Molded Air Circuit Breaker

NOTE:
The total computed load is 63.37 amperes. From
the PEC 30 mm² copper wire could be used
considering its 90 amperes ampacity.
 NOTE:
The total computed load is 63.37 amperes. From
the PEC 30 mm² copper wire could be used
considering its 90 amperes ampacity. However the
PEC also states that:

“If the computed loads exceeds 10,000 watts, the

conductor and over current protection shall be
rated not less than 100 amperes”

Therefore, Use 2-38 mm² TW copper wire for the

Main Feeder and 2-100 amperes for the Main
Breaker
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS,
CONFIGURATION AND
FIGURES FOR
ELECTRICAL PLANS,
PANELS, CIRCUITS AN
MISCELLANEOUS