MINERAL CHARACTERISTIC AND

TYPES OF ROCKS
REPORT BY GROUP# 4
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 cycle Earth Materials

can be categorized into

follow
during consists of
formation rocks Minerals
its
have exhibit
has
Characteristic
Types economic value features

like used for

Identification

igneous sedimentary metamorphic

be transformed into

by heat and temperature

 ROCK CYCLE

lithification, compacting, cementing

uplift, weathering, transportation,

Sedimentary Rocks deposition Sediments

heat and uplift, weathering,

uplift, weathering, transportation,
pressure transportation,
deposition
deposition

Metamorphic Rocks Igneous Rocks

heat and pressure

melting cooling and

crystallization
Magma
IGNEOUS ROCKS
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
• IGNEOUS ROCKS GOT THEIR NAME FROM THE LATIN IGNIS, MEANING “FIRE”.
THIS MAKES SENSE BECAUSE THESE ROCKS ARE FORMED BY VOLCANIC
ACTIVITY.
• RECALL THE STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CORE AND MANTLE.
THE TEMPERATURE IS VERY HIGH THAT THE MATERIALS MELT. MAGMA IS
MOLTEN ROCK GENERATED BY PARTIAL MELTING OF ROCKS IN EARTH’S
MANTLE. MAGMA CONSIST MAINLY OF SILICON(SI), AND OXYGEN AND LESSER
AMOUNTS OF ALUMINUM(AL), CALCIUM(CA), SODIUM(NA), POTASSIUM(K),
MAGNESIUM(MG), AND IRON(FE)
ANDESITE BASALT OBSIDIAN

GRANITE DIORITE DACITE

 TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
WHEN MOLTEN ROCK SOLIDIFIES AT THE SURFACE(LAVA), IT IS CALLED EXTRUSIVE
IGNEOUS ROCKS OR VOLCANIC ROCK, HOWEVER, MOST MAGMA LAVA LOSES ITS
MOBILITY BEFORE REACHING THE SURFACE AND CRYSTALLIZES AT DEPTH. IGNEOUS
ROCKS FORMED AT DEPTH ARE REFERRED TO AS INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS OR
PLUTONIC ROCKS.
IGNEOUS ROCKS MAY BE CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR TEXTURE AND COMPOSITION.
TEXTURE DESCRIBES THE OVERALL APPEARANCE OF THE IGNEOUS ROCKS BASED ON THE
SIZE, SHAPE, AND ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR INTERLOCKING CRYSTALS. THE RATE OF
COOLING. ON THE OTHER HAND, RAPID COOLING RESULTS INTO THE FORMATION OF
SMALL CRYSTALS.
 TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
• COARSE-GRAINED – GRAINS(CRYSTALS) CAN BE SEEN WITH BARE EYES
• MEDIUM-GRAINED – GRAINS CAN ONLY BE SEEN THROUGH A HAND LENS
• FINE-GRAINED – GRAINS CAN ONLY BE SEEN THROUGH THE MICROSCOPE
A MINERAL’S COMPOSITION IS BASED ON THE CHEMICAL MAKEUP OF ITS PARENT
MAGMA. ROCKS MAY BE DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR COLORATION
• LIGHT-COLORED, SUCH AS GRANITE AND RHYOLITE; COMPOSED OF FELDSPAR AND
QUARTZ
• MEDIUM-COLORED, SUCH AS DIORITE AND ANDESITE
• DARK-COLORED, SUCH AS GABBRO ROCK AND BASALT; COMPOSED MAINLY OF
PYROXENE, CALCIUM-RICH PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
THE PROCESS BY WHICH SEDIMENTS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO SOLID SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS IS CALLED LITHIFICATION. ONE OF THE MOST COMMON PROCESSES IN THE ROCK
CYCLE IS COMPACTION. AS PILES OF SEDIMENTS ACCUMULATE, THE UNDERLYING MATERIALS
ARE COMPACTED BY THE WEIGHT OF THE OVERLYING LAYERS. AS THE GRAINS ARE PRESSED,
PORE SPACES ARE GREATLY MINIMIZED, REDUCING THE VOLUME. SHALE, A FINE-GRAINED
SEDIMENTARY ROCK, IS FORMED THROUGH COMPACTION.
ANOTHER PROCESS BY WHICH SEDIMENTS ARE CONVERTED INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK
IS THROUGH CEMENTATION. THE WATER THAT SEEPS THROUGH PORE SPACES BETWEEN
PARTICLES MAY CONTAIN CEMENTING MATERIALS. THROUGH TIME, THE CEMENT SETTLES INTO
THE SEDIMENT GRAINS, FILLS THE OPEN SPACE, AND THE BINDS THE PARTICLES TOGETHER.
COMMON CEMENTS INCLUDE CALCITE, SILICA, AND IRON OXIDE
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE OF EARTH’S HISTORY. AS LAYER
UPON LAYER OF SEDIMENTS ARE ACCUMULATED, THEY CARRY WITH THEM THE RECORDS OF
THE NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AT THE TIME THE SEDIMENTS ARE DEPOSITED. THESE LAYERS
ARE CALLED STRATA. THEY ARE THE DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
FOSSILS ARE ONLY FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ARE FORMED FROM PARTICLES OF SAND, SHELLS, PEBBLES, AND
OTHER FRAGMENTS OF MATERIAL. TOGETHER, ALL THESE PARTICLES ARE CALLED SEDIMENT.
GRADUALLY, THE SEDIMENT ACCUMULATES IN LAYERS AND OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME
HARDENS INTO ROCK. GENERALLY, SEDIMENTARY ROCK IS FAIRLY SOFT AND MAY BREAK APART
OR CRUMBLE EASILY. YOU CAN OFTEN SEE SAND, PEBBLES, OR STONES IN THE ROCK, AND IT IS
USUALLY THE ONLY TYPE THAT CONTAINS FOSSILS.
BRECCIA COAL LIMESTONE

IRON ORE FLINT DOLOMITE

 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
1. DETRIMENTAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – THESE ROCKS COME FROM
WEATHERED ROCKS SUCH AS IGNEOUS ROCKS.
2. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS – THESE ROCKS COME FROM
SOLUBLE MATERIALS PRODUCED LARGELY BY CHEMICAL
WEATHERING. THE BASIS FOR GROUPING IS THEIR CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
BASED ON PARTICLE SIZE
Particle Size Sediment Rock
Gravel (rounded particles) Conglomerate
COARSE Gravel (angular particles) Breccia

MEDIUM Sand Sandstone

FINE Mud Siltstone

VERY FINE Mud Shale

 CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
COMPOSITIONS ROCK NAME
Limestone Coquina
Fossil Ferrous
Calcite (CaCO3) Biochemical Limestone
Limestone
Chalk
Chert (light-colored)
Quartz (SiO2) Flint (dark-colored)

Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) Rock Gypsum

Halite (NaCl) Rock Salt
Altered Plant Fragments Bituminous Rock
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS CAME FROM PREEXISTING ROCKS CALLED PARENT ROCKS. THE
PREEXISTING ROCKS MAY UNDERGO CHANGES IN THE MINERALOGY, TEXTURE (LIKE GRAIN
SIZE), AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY THE ACTION OF HEAT, PRESSURE (STRESS), AND
CHEMICAL AGENTS. THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION OF PARENT ROCKS IS CALLED
METAMORPHISM (MEANS CHANGE IN FORM).
THE MOST IMPORTANT AGENT OF METAMORPHISM IS THE HEAT THAT MAY COME FROM
MAGMA RISING FROM BELOW. THE PARENT ROCK IS “BAKED” BY THE MAGMA. ANOTHER
SOURCE OF HEAT IS WHEN THE ROCKS FORMED AT THE SURFACE OF EARTH ARE
TRANSPLANTED TO GREATER DEPTH. AS ROCKS GO DEEPER, TEMPERATURE INCREASES. HEAT
CAUSES CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT RESULT IN RECRYSTALLIZATION OF EXISTING MINERALS
AND/OR FORMATION OF NEW MINERALS.
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
ANOTHER METAMORPHIC AGENT IS PRESSURE OR STRESS. LIKE
TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE INCREASES WITH DEPTH. PRESSURE CAUSES THE SPACES
BETWEEN MINERAL GRAINS IN THE BURIED ROCKS TO CLOSE, PRODUCING A
MORE COMPACT ROCK WITH HIGHER DENSITY. AT GREATER DEPTH, MINERALS
MAY RECRYSTALLIZE INTO NEW MINERALS THAT DISPLAY A MORE COMPACT
STRUCTURE.
THE OTHER METAMORPHIC AGENTS ARE CHEMICALLY-ACTIVE FLUIDS. THESE
INCLUDE WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND OTHER VOLATILE MATERIALS. THEY ACT
AS CATALYSTS TO PROMOTE CRYSTALLIZATION BY ENHANCING ION
MIGRATIONS THAT MAY CHANGE THE COMPOSITION OF THE ROCK.
AMPHIBOLITE LAPIS LAZULI HORNFELS

MARBLE QUARTZITE SLATE

 COMMON METAMOPHIC ROCKS
ROCK NAME DESCRIPTION PARENT ROCK
Slate Foliated; Fine grained Shale

Gneiss Foliated; Medium to Coarse-grained Granite, Volcanic rock

Marble Nonfoliated; Medium to Coarse- Limestone

grained
 MINERALS
A MINERAL IS A SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUND, REPRESENTED BY A
CHEMICAL FORMULA. A ROCK IS AN AGGREGATE OF ONE OR MORE
MINERALS. FOR EXAMPLE, COAL IS A SEDIMENTARY ROCK COMPOSE OF
CARBON
THE STONES ARE USUALLY NAMED AFTER THE NAME OF THE
DISCOVERER, AND/OR LOCATION WHERE THE MINERAL WAS FOUND; ITS
NAME MAY ALSO BE BASED ON THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, AND
PROPERTIES. THE COMMON SUFFIX OF MINERAL IS -ITE, MEANING TO
“BELONGING TO”.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS

MOST MINERALS CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AND

CLASSIFIED BY THEIR UNIQUE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
HARDNESS, LUSTER, COLOR, STREAK, SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
CLEAVAGE, FRACTURE, AND TENACITY.
 HARDNESS
THE ABILITY TO RESIST BEING SCRATCHED—OR HARDNESS—IS ONE OF THE
MOST USEFUL PROPERTIES FOR IDENTIFYING MINERALS. HARDNESS IS
DETERMINED BY THE ABILITY OF ONE MINERAL TO SCRATCH ANOTHER. FEDERICK
MOHS, A GERMAN MINERALOGIST, PRODUCED A HARDNESS SCALE USING A SET
OF TEN STANDARD MINERALS. THE SCALE ARRANGES THE MINERALS IN ORDER OF
INCREASING HARDNESS. EACH HIGHER-NUMBERED (HARDER) MINERAL WILL
SCRATCH ANY MINERAL WITH A LOWER NUMBER (SOFTER).
 MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS
HARDNESS MINERAL
1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Feldspar
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond
 FIELD HARDNESS GUIDE
SCALE DESCRIPTION
1 Can be rubbed off on a finger
2 Can be scratched with a finger nail
3 Can be scratched with a coin
4 Can be scratched with a difficulty with a
knife
5 Can be scratched with a knife blade
6 Can be scratched with a piece of glass
7 Can be scratched with a piece of quartz
8-10 Minerals too hard to be included in this scale
 LUSTER
LUSTER IS HOW A MINERAL REFLECTS LIGHT. THE
TERMS METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC DESCRIBE THE
BASIC TYPES OF LUSTER. SOME MINERALS THAT
DON'T EXHIBIT LUSTER ARE REFERRED TO AS "EARTHY,"
"CHALKY," OR "DULL."
 COLOR

ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS PROPERTIES OF A

MINERAL IS COLOR. COLOR SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
WHEN IDENTIFYING A MINERAL, BUT SHOULD NEVER
BE USED AS THE MAJOR IDENTIFYING
CHARACTERISTIC.
 STREAK
STREAK IS THE COLOR OF THE POWDERED MINERAL, WHICH IS
USUALLY MORE USEFUL FOR IDENTIFICATION THAN THE COLOR OF
THE WHOLE MINERAL SAMPLE. RUBBING THE MINERAL ON A STREAK
PLATE WILL PRODUCE A STREAK. A STREAK PLATE CAN BE MADE
FROM THE UNGLAZED BACK SIDE OF A WHITE PORCELAIN
BATHROOM OR KITCHEN TILE. SOME MINERALS WON'T STREAK
BECAUSE THEY ARE HARDER THAN THE STREAK PLATE.
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE MASS (WEIGHT)

OF A MINERAL AND THE MASS (WEIGHT) OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF
WATER. A MINERAL'S SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) CAN BE DETERMINED BY
DIVIDING ITS WEIGHT IN AIR BY THE WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME
OF WATER. FOR INSTANCE, QUARTZ WITH A DENSITY OF 2.65 IS
2.65 TIMES AS HEAVY AS THE SAME VOLUME OF WATER.
 CLEAVAGE

THE WAY IN WHICH A MINERAL BREAKS ALONG SMOOTH FLAT PLANES

IS CALLED CLEAVAGE. THESE BREAKS OCCUR ALONG PLANES OF WEAKNESS
IN THE MINERAL'S STRUCTURE. HOWEVER, IF A MINERAL BREAKS ALONG AN
IRREGULAR SURFACE, IT DOES NOT HAVE CLEAVAGE
WHEN A MINERAL BREAKS IRREGULARLY, THE BREAKS ARE CALLED
FRACTURES. THE BREAKS CAN BE DESCRIBED AS GRAINY, HACKLY (JAGGED),
CONCHOIDAL (CURVED), OR SPLINTERY.
 TENACITY
HOW WELL A MINERAL RESISTS BREAKAGE IS KNOWN AS TENACITY.
TENACITY IS DESCRIBED USING THESE TERMS:
• BRITTLE - MINERAL CRUSHES TO ANGULAR FRAGMENTS (QUARTZ).
• MALLEABLE - MINERAL CAN BE MODIFIED IN SHAPE WITHOUT BREAKING AND CAN
BE FLATTENED TO A THIN SHEET (COPPER, GOLD).
• SECTILE - MINERAL CAN BE CUT WITH A KNIFE INTO THIN SHAVINGS (TALC).
• FLEXIBLE - MINERAL BENDS BUT DOESN'T REGAIN ITS SHAPE ONCE RELEASED
(SELENITE, GYPSUM).
• ELASTIC - MINERAL BENDS AND REGAINS ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE WHEN RELEASED
(MUSCOVITE AND BIOTITE MICA).
QUIZ
1.What type of rocks that is formed from particles of sand,
shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials, all these
particles are called sediments?
2.What type of rocks got there name from the latin word
“ignis”, Meaning fire?
3.What do you called the process of transformation of parent
rock, or means change in form?
4.Give one (1) example of Metamorphic rocks
5.Who’s the German Mineralogist that produced the hardness
scale using a set of ten standard materials?
6. What’s the name of this Igneous type of rock?

7. What’s the name of this sedimentary type of rock?

8. What’s the name of this Metamorphic type of rock?

9.What Characteristic of Minerals is how a mineral reflects

light?
10.What Characteristic of Minerals is the ratio the mass of a
mineral and the mass of an equal volume of water?
1. Sedimentary Rocks
2. Igneous Rocks
3. Metamorphism
4. Amphibolite; Lapis Lazuli; Hornfels; Marble; Quartzite;
Slate
5. Federick Mohs
6. Obsidian
7. Dolomite
8. Lapis Lazuli
9. Luster
10. Specific Gravity