Papercrete: Guided by Presented by

PAPERCRETE
Guided by Presented by 1
Asst.Prof.Greeshma C S Roshan PC
CONTENTS
 Objectives
 Introduction
 Methodology
 Working of papercrete
 Case studies
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Applications
 Future scope
 Conclusion
 Reference 2
OBJECTIVES
 To study the strength and capacity of

papercrete
 To study the durability of papercrete concrete
 To study the capacity of papercrete against
water
 To study the advantages ,disadvantages and
possibilities of papercrete.
3
INTRODUCTION
 Papercrete is a recently developed
construction material which consists of repulped
paper fibre with Portland cement or clay .
 Discovered by Eric Patterson and Mike
McCain in year 1928
Papercrete is a construction material which
consists of re-pulped paper fiber with portland
cement or clay and other soil
 It is a type fibrous material made by shredding

paper (old newspaper ..) into pulp in water adding
Portland cement. The thick mix can then be
poured into moulds and cast like concrete, 4
creating block panels and innumerable other
shapes.
METHOLOGY
Is code reference and usage
Mix design
Testing of materials
Workability test
Mix proportion
Preparation
WHAT IS PAPERCRETE CONCRETE
6
CONSTRUCTION
Papercrete is made from recycled paper with
small amount of cement and sand added. The
ratio is 60% paper, 20% sand, 20% cement. All
the three elements gets mixed in mixer or tow
mixer. Papercrete can be mortared, drilled,
hammered, nailed, used as a plaster and as an
infill between poles. Recently, some people made
the mixture without cement, and created ‘Fidobe’
or ‘Paper Adobe’.
7
Papercrete is handled much like
Adobe. It can be made in
smaller bricks or can be used
much as cement, and poured in
a monolithic wall.
Papercrete blocks shrinks 30% in height when
drying.
8
LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Publisher Year Author Result /findings
1 papercrete: IRJET 2019 1. It have been

utilization of Bhupesh challenge to
wastewater pandey convert waste to
useful
constructional
material.
2. Investigated that
the wastepaper for
producing a low
cost lightweight
concrete.
9
LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Publisher Year Author Results/fingings
2 Self Internationa 2015 Rishabh 1.While most healing agents

healing l journal of Lala, are chemically based, more
concrete recent Aslam recently the possible
scientific Hussain application of bacteria as self
research. , Salim healing agents has also been
Akhtar considered.
2.Metabolically active bacteria
consume oxygen; the healing
agent may act as an oxygen
diffusion barrier protecting the
steel reinforcement against
corrosion.
10
TYPES OF BACTERIA USED
 Most of the bacteria belongs to genus bacillus

are fulfilling required criteria discussed above.
some of the list of bacteria are
1) Bacillus pasteurii
2) Bacillus filla.
3) Bacillus cohnii.
 The suitable chemical precursor found to be

most suitable is “CALCIUM LACTATE”.
11
TYPES OF BACTERIA USED
Filla cohnii pasteurii
12
HOW THE HEALING AGENTS ARE
APPLIED
1) BY DIRECT APPLICATION:-
The bacteria and the chemical precursor are
added directly while making the concrete.
2) BY ENCAPSULATION:-
The part of the coarse aggregate is directly
replaced by the light weight aggregate, which is
impregnated with the twice the calcium lactate
solution and the spores of bacteria.
After impregnation the clay particles with 6%
13
healing agents and the concrete is made.
WORKING PROCESS OF SELF HEALING
CONCRETE
 Self healing concrete is a product that will

biologically produce limestone to heal cracks that
appear on the surface of concrete structures.
Ca(C3H502)2 + 702 CaCO3 +5CO2 +5H20.

(Calcium lactate) (Lime)
 Specially selected types of bacteria genus bacillus,

along with a calcium-based nutrient known as
calcium lactate, nitrogen and phosphorus, are added
to the ingredients of the concrete when it is being
14
mixed.
MECHANISM
 Even after the complete hydration, 20%-30% of cement
remains un-hydrated and can be used by healing
agents as its food.
 The cracks provided a pathway and space for healing
materials, moisture ,chlorides , etc. to react and form a
stabilized end product.
 There are mainly 2 ways in which self healing is
possible:-
1) The crack openings let oxygen penetrate inside
concrete and bacteria along cracked surfaces convert
calcium carbonate and calcium dioxide .The bacteria
may be added directly or encapsulated.
2) The second method of making the SHC is a
chemical method. The healing chemicals are injected
in the capsule which breaks when cracks occurs and 15
hence re-joins the micro cracks.
HEALING ACTION OF BACTERIA
16
Healing process of bacteria in concrete

Comparison between conventional concrete &bacterial
concrete
No. of days Conventional Bacterial

concrete(N/mm2) concrete(N/mm2)
3DAYS 20.21 29.84
7DAYS 23.54 24.25
14DAYS 27.36 27.82
28 DAYS 30.52 31.11
17
1) SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
No . of days Conventional Bacterial

concrete(N/mm2) concrete(N/mm2)
3DAYS 1.70 1.81
7DAYS 2.09 2.09
14DAYS 2.12 2.12
28DAYS 3.26 3.26
18
COST COMPARISON
SL.NO Things Quantit Cost Concret SH-

required y /unit e concrete
(M20)
1. Cement 8 400/- 3200/- 3200/-
bag
2. Self – 5 500/- ………. 2500/-

healing
agents
3. Grit ………. 1500/- 1500/- 1500/-
&sand
Total 4700/- 7200/-
19
WHAT IS HAPPENING INSIDE SHC
 The cracks are formed on surface of concrete due

to many reasons like shrinkage, inadequate
water for hydration…etc.
 The water deliberately forced into the cracks and
the precursor is activated.
 The activated precursor intrim induces the
bacteria to react with the precursor and form a
base of calcium carbonate called as limestone and
the crack is filled up.
20
21
Bacterial action on concrete

COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
22
CASE STUDY 1
 This case study portrays the advantages of
cement treated with self healing agents.
 For the purpose , a cement road of 2km from
kolhapur toll to shivaji university.this cement
road is a two lane road prepared using
conventional methods.
• Length of road =2km
• Breadth(2lane) =24m
• Depth =0.38m
• Volume =18,240m3
23
description Conventional SHC
concrete
Amount of cement 10.7 bags/m3 9.23 bags/m3
Cost of cement Rs 5,14,99,280 Rs 4,59,64,800

required
Amount of fine 683.24 kg/m3 678.3 kg/m3
aggregate
Cost of fine aggregate Rs 96,32,945 Rs 94,92,816
Amount of coarse 1108 kg/m3 1006 kg/m3

aggregate
Cost of coarse Rs 2,45,47,710 Rs 2,22,88,409
aggregate
Amount of self - 158.15kg/m3
healing agent
Cost of self healing - 2,61,51,869
agent
24
Total cost of Rs 8,56,81,500 Rs 10,38,99,463
construction
CASE STUDY 2
 This case study basically indicates one of the many
important applications of healing agents.
 For this case study, bridges of cement road of span
0.5km located at the Tawade Hotel
roundabout,(Pune-banglore highway),considered for
the calculation of its maintenance cost.
 This includes crack sealing , application of
penetrating sealer , overlays and electrochemical
treatment.
25
OTHER PROPERTIES
 Sound absorption properties
 Papercrete blocks are lightweight, less than a
third of the weight of a comparably-sized adobe
brick.
 Mold Resistance
 Flame retardant – does not catch fire easily but
smoulders for hours.
 Fungus retardant
 Lighter than concrete
26
COMPARISON
PROPERTIES PAPERCRETE CONCRETE WOOD
Compressive 0.1MPa -1.2MPa 50MPa 60MPa

strength High but less than Much higher Much higher
concrete
Tensile strength Very low 3MPa 1.9MPa
R- value Resistance to heat flow 1-2/inch 1.25/inch

2-3/inch
Cost Comparitively Less High High
Weight Seven times lighter High High

than concrete
27
ADVANTAGES
 Environmentally friendly-one of the major component
is paper lading into the landfills.
 Everyone can make with little knowledge
 Lightweight but strong.
 Easy to use
 Insulating
 Low cost
 Recycle paper waste.
 Reduces amount of concrete in building.
 Lighter building material that is safer and easier
on body to work with.
 Minimal equipment is needed to make bricks.
28
 Easy technique to learn.
DISADVANTAGES
 As of 2007, papercrete lacks approval from the
International Code Council.
 Papercrete is not particularly ‘structural’, which
means it can’t be used over doors and windows
without some additional support – either wood or
traditional concrete.
 Another disadvantage is that it absorbs water.so
we have to protect it from water in the rainy
season.
 The cost of raw paper will increase as the number
of people using the papercrete will increase
29
APPLICATIONS
 Large use in house building

 Used as sound and heat insulator
 Different shapes to decorate houses , flower
pots
 Large number of shape which generate large
area of constructions.
 As it is lightweight it could be used in various
applications.
30
FUTURE SCOPE
 Trying to reduce the amount of concrete required to
prepare the papercrete with same strength and also
ultimately reduce CO2 amount.
 Decrease in the carbon footprint of the house.
 Use of different materials at the place of cement
such as gypsum and lime.
 Sustainable construction materials, decorating
materials and etc.
 Large market in Africa , India , China [because
people has less money]
31
CONCLUSION
 Good choice to utilize waste paper.

 Big market India, China, Africa.
 Good choice for one story building.
 Inner walls of house can be made by papercrete.
 No govt. approval-but can be used.
 Increase in demand may lead to deforestation
32
REFERENCES
 Quantification of crack healing in novel bacteria-
based self healing concrete by Virginie Wiktor ,
Henk M.Jonke.
 Durability of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete
Kim Van Tittelboom a Nele De Belie.2009.
 Environmental protection agency . Bacillus
sphaericus;Exemption from the requirement of
tolerence;1998.
 Durability study on HVFA based on bactrial
concrete a literature study by dhaarani and
prakash.
33
THANK YOU
34

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PAPERCRETE

 To study the strength and capacity of

 It is a type fibrous material made by shredding

1 papercrete: IRJET 2019 1. It have been

2 Self Internationa 2015 Rishabh 1.While most healing agents

 Most of the bacteria belongs to genus bacillus

 The suitable chemical precursor found to be

Filla cohnii pasteurii

 Self healing concrete is a product that will

Ca(C3H502)2 + 702 CaCO3 +5CO2 +5H20.

 Specially selected types of bacteria genus bacillus,

Healing process of bacteria in concrete

No. of days Conventional Bacterial

3DAYS 20.21 29.84

7DAYS 23.54 24.25

14DAYS 27.36 27.82

28 DAYS 30.52 31.11

No . of days Conventional Bacterial

3DAYS 1.70 1.81

7DAYS 2.09 2.09

14DAYS 2.12 2.12

28DAYS 3.26 3.26

SL.NO Things Quantit Cost Concret SH-

2. Self – 5 500/- ………. 2500/-

Total 4700/- 7200/-

 The cracks are formed on surface of concrete due

Bacterial action on concrete

Cost of cement Rs 5,14,99,280 Rs 4,59,64,800

Amount of coarse 1108 kg/m3 1006 kg/m3

Compressive 0.1MPa -1.2MPa 50MPa 60MPa

Tensile strength Very low 3MPa 1.9MPa

R- value Resistance to heat flow 1-2/inch 1.25/inch

Cost Comparitively Less High High

Weight Seven times lighter High High

 Large use in house building

 Good choice to utilize waste paper.

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