Patterns

of
Development
 skill

NA R R A T I O N
vivid
event narrate
 I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
-describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened

-used to tell a story or focus on a set of

related events
 Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have physical
manifestation in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
 Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
 General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example: furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component of
the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs
 Writing Activity
Write a narrative text
about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.
 quality

DE SC R IPTION
realistic
sensory look
 II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?
Characteristics o f Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose

●uses sensory details and precise

words

● presents details in a logical order

 Varieties o f Description
1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific

characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible

* The writer stays away from emotional

impressions or responses and instead,
describes the scene as it is.
 Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m.
(50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is light
gray and smooth on younger trees, and it becomes
ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves are opposite
and shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, with a
few blunt teeth but no serrations. The leaf sinuses
are rounded, unlike those of red maple (Acer
rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the
sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or less
parallel, while those of red maple are widest at the
base, tapering to the tip.
 2. Subjective Description
-a sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
-also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.
 Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a writer of a travel
magazine. The editor of the magazine asks
you to write a travel article that tells about a
beautiful place where one can spend a
vacation. Your task is to write a
two-paragraph descriptive article
together with a powerpoint presentation
about the place.
 DE F I N I T I O N
controversy
inform
 III. D e f i n i t i o n
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc
 Varieties o f Definition

1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual

way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts
 2. Subjective Definition
-defines the objects in a more personal
way
-usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
-often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Specific Definition: You are a
medicine student. You would like to
write about the definition of a
controversial medical term in your blog.
The criteria in assessing your blog are
its appeal to the readers, accuracy of
information, and adherence to the style
of format.
 CLASSIFICATION AND
EXEMPLIFICATION
criteria
IV.Classification and Exemplification
Classification

-divides things into groups, classes, or

categories

-organizes ideas into divisions based

on criteria or standards
 Exemplification
-provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
-presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Classification
another classified one kind the last
as
group

another final type the first the next

kind category part
 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is
as an in other put another to be
example specific
words way
consider the in particular specifically to clarify
following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differently
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Task: You are a sales manager. A
customer sent you an e-mail asking about
the different types of products you sell.
You need to respond to the e-mail
indicating the classification of your
products. Your message must contain the
product's category and specific features.
COMPARISONANDCONTRAST
V. Comparison and Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another
a.separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
comparison
 Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around
other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie
will always stand his ground, never giving up until he
is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same
way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so
different in everything they do.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a film critic. You are to
write a comparative review of two
films of the same genre. Use the
comparison and contrast pattern of
text development in your review.
CAUSEANDEFFECT
reason
VI. Cause and Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

 Writing Activity
(Group)
Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of
over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced
thousands of others. Write a text that
explains why there were so many
casualties even when they were warned
of a storm surge beforehand by the
officials. Use the cause and effect
pattern of development in writing.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
VII. Problem-Solution

- focuses on either a problem

or solution in a particular area
or situation
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a marketing manager. You are to
send business proposals to your clients about
a new product/service your company is
offering. Write the main text of the proposal
using the problem-solution pattern of
development. Your writing must be concise,
organized, and clear. Remember to use
language appropriate to your audience and
purpose. Use a professional tone and
positive words.
PE R S U A S I O N
fact
 VIII. Persuasion

- convinces readers to agree to

an argument or claim about a
particular topic.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are an editor of a newpaper. You would
like to react strongly to a new government
policy in the editorial section of the
newspaper. Your editorial must contain a
well-supported argumentative thesis, and
counter-arguments for opposing viewpoints.
It must also encourage a certain course of
action. The criteria in assessing your
editorial are its appeal to the readers,
accuracy of information, and adherence to
the style and format.