Pattern

s of
Developm
ent
S T O R Y
E V E N T
V I V I D
N A R R A T E
 skil
l
N A R R A T I O
N
even narra
t vivid
te
 I. Narration
- the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where
an
event or occurrence actually happened

-used to tell a story or focus on a set of

related events
Components of Narrative Text
1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene
 Example
It was late spring the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.
 2. Way of Narration
-refers to how the writer presents the
story
-includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.
 Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.

Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, narrowly missing the
mailbox again, and drove off to return home.”
 3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration

* Writers must choose how to address

terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.
 Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have
manifestation
physical in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
 Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that
are intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
 General Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example:
furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component
of the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs
 Writing Activity

Write a narrative text

about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.
 Rubri
c
Focu 30
Organizati
s 25
％
on ％
Conventi
Integratio 20
25 ％
n
on 100
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S E N S O R Y
L O O K
Q U A L I T Y
R E A L I S I C
T
 quali
ty
D E S C R I P T I
O N realist
senso loo ic
ry k
 II. Description
- the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific object,
person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?
Characteristics of
Description
● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose

●uses sensory details and

precise words

● presents details in a logical order

 Varieties of
Description
1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific

characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible

* The writer stays away from

emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it is.
 Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized,
deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m.
(50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is
light gray and smooth on younger trees, and it
becomes ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves
are opposite and shallowly to deeply palmately
lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations.
The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red
maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped.
Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or
less parallel, while those of red maple are widest
at the base, tapering to the tip.
 2. Subjective Description
-asort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character
-also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.
 Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.
 Writing
(Group)
Activity
You are a writer of a travel
magazine. The editor of the magazine
asks you to write a travel article that
tells about a beautiful place where
one
can spend a vacation. Your
task is to write a five-paragraph
descriptive article.
 Rubri
c
Focu 30
Organizati
s 25
％
on ％
Conventi
Integratio 20
25 ％
n
on 100
％
％
M E A N I N G
I N F O R M
E L A B O R A T E
E N L I G H T E N
 D E F I N I T I
O N controver
infor
sy
m
 III.
Definition
- explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for, what
something looks like, etc
•Performance level- the
level of understanding
of he learners
•Parenthood- a task that
is difficult to perform
•Laptop- a gadget that is
important to a call
center agent
•Beauty- something to be
admired or heavenly
•Cellphone- isan
elecronic gadget that is
used for wireless
communication
•Radio- an appliance that
transmits information
 Varieties of
Definition
1. Scientific Definition

- defines concepts in the most factual

way, which is often used in scientific,
proper, or real world facts
 2. Subjective Definition
-defines the objects in a more personal
way
-usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion
-often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
The term could be emphasized by the
following:

1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin
•World peace
•Freedom
•Equality
•Change
•Love
•Family
 Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate

 Writing
(Group)
Activity
Specific Definition: You are a
medicine student. You would like to
write about the definition of a
controversial medical term in your blog.
The criteria in assessing your blog are
its appeal to the readers, accuracy of
information, and adherence to the style
of format.
C A T E G O R Y
E X A M P L E
C R I T E R I A
I L L U S T R A T I O N
CLASSIFICATION
AND
criteri
a EXEMPLIFICATION
IV.Classification and
Exemplification
Classification

-divides things into groups, classes, or

categories
-organizes ideas into divisions
based on criteria or standards
 Exemplification
-provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
-presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Classification
another classified one kind the last
as group

another final type the first the next

kind part
categor
y
 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is

as an in other put another to be

example words way specific
consider the in particular specifically to clarify
following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differentl
y
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.
For example, a dog could be a beagle that is a
family pet.
 Writing
(Group)
Activity
Task: You are a sales manager. A
customer sent you an e-mail asking
about the different types of products you
sell.
You need to respond to the e-mail
indicating the classification of your
products. Your message must contain the
product's category and specific features.
S I M I L A R
D I F F E R E N C E
C H O I C E
E L E M E N T
COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
V. Comparison and
Contrast
- organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts
are similar to or different from one
another
a.separately -involves describing one
item first followed by the second item
b.side-by-side -involves discussing
both items based on each point of
 Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same similarly
way

as in a similar like to compare

fashion

both in likewise
comparison
 Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise

and yet even so however still

as opposed even nevertheless the fact
to though
remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the whereas
contrar
y
counter to in the on the other yet
meantime hand
 Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees.
Around other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog,
yet Obbie will always stand his ground, never giving
up until he is scolded. Given that they were both
treated the same way all their life, it is hard to believe
that they are so different in everything they do.
Compare and contrast
the genre of songs
during the old times
and the genres of
songs in this modern
generation. Use the
compare and contrast
 Writing
(Group)
Activity
You are a film critic. You are to
write a comparative review of two
films of the same genre. Use the
comparison and contrast pattern of
text development in your review.
E X P L A I N
C O N S E Q U E N C E
C R I T I C A L
C O N N E C T I O N
R E A S O N
F I S H B O N E
CAUSE AND
EFFECT reas
on
VI. Cause and
Effect
- explains why something happens
or what results a particular event
produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

 Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of owing to
(the (the
fact) fact)
because for the inasmuch seeing that
(of the fact) reason that as

being that in that one reason since

due to
(the fact that)
 Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in so that
consequence
as a for this so therefore
consequence
reason
as a result hence so much (so) thus
(of this) that
because
(of
this)
 Writing
Activity
(Group)
Typhoon Yolanda took the lives of
over 6,300 Filipinos and displaced
thousands of others. Write a text that
explains why there were so many
casualties even when they were
warned
of a storm surge beforehand by
the officials. Use the cause and
effect pattern of development in
writing.
C O N C E R N
C A U S E
S C I E N T I F I C
PROBLEM-
SOLUTION
VII. Problem-
Solution
- focuses on either a problem
or solution in a particular
area or situation
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the one solution
problem is
first, second the one way is
solution
nonetheless one reason
for the
 Writing
(Group)
Activity
You are a marketing manager. You are to
send business proposals to your clients
about
a new product/service your company is
offering. Write the main text of the proposal
using the problem-solution pattern of
development. Your writing must be concise,
organized, and clear. Remember to use
language appropriate to your audience and
purpose. Use a professional tone
and positive words.
C O N V I N C E
C L A I M
A R G U M E N T
E V I D E N C E
F A C T
P E R S U A S I
O N
fact
 VIII.
Persuasion
- convinces readers to agree to
an argument or claim about a
particular topic.
 Signal Words for Emphasizing a
Point
again in that to truly
case emphasiz
e
for this indeed to repeat with this
in mind
reason
in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshell
all in all due to in on the therefore
conclusion
whole
as a result finally in short since thus

as I have in any in in to sum

said summary essence up
event
Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true obviously true
that

assuredly needless of course undoubtedly

to say
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably

granted
 Writing Activity
(Grou
You are an editor of a newpaper. You would
p) to a new government
like to react strongly
policy in the editorial section of the
newspaper. Your editorial must contain a
well-supported argumentative thesis, and
counter-arguments for opposing viewpoints.
It must also encourage a certain course of
action. The criteria in assessing your
editorial are its appeal to the readers,
accuracy of information, and adherence
to the style and format.