Lecture 22-W11-Programming Languages Part 2

RIC 1002 - Introduction to computers
Department of physiotherapy
Shifa Tameer -e- Millat University
Lecture # 22
Program Development and
Programming Languages
Instructor : Muhammad Umar Aftab

Learning Objectives
1. Understand the differences between structured
programming, object-oriented programming (OOP), aspect-
oriented programming (AOP), and adaptive software
development.
2. Identify and describe the activities involved in the program
development life cycle (PDLC).
3. Understand what constitutes good program design and list
several tools that can be used by computer professionals
when designing a program.
4. Explain the three basic control structures and how they can
be used to control program flow during execution.
Learning Objectives
4. Discuss some of the activities involved with debugging a
program and otherwise ensuring it is designed and written
properly.
5. List some tools that can be used to speed up or otherwise
facilitate program development.
6. Describe several programming languages in use today and
explain their key features.
Overview
• This chapter covers:
– The most common approaches to program design and
development
– The phases of the program development life cycle (PDLC)
– Tools that can be used to design and develop a program
– Good program design techniques and types of program
errors
– Popular programming languages
Tools for Facilitating Program Development
• Issue tracking
• Recording issues such as bugs or other problems that
arise during development or after the system is in place
• Application Generators
• Software program that helps programmers develop
software
– Report Generators and User Interface (UI) Builders

• Report generator
– Tool that prepares reports to be used with a
software program quickly and easily
• User interface (UI) builders
– Create the menus, forms, and input screens used
with a program or database
• Integrated development environment (IDE)
– A set of programming tools for writing software
applications
• Device Development Tools
– Assist with developing embedded software to be used on
devices, such as cars, ATM machines, and consumer
devices
• Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
– Collection of tools used with a particular programming
language to develop and test software
• Software Development Kits (SDKs)
– Programming package designed for a particular platform
– Enables programmers to develop applications for that
platform more quickly and easily
• Application Program Interfaces (APIs)

– Help applications interface with a particular operating system
– Often used in conjunction with Web sites
– Google’s Maps API and Google’s OpenSocial API allow developers to add
Google Maps or social networking applications easily to Web sites,
respectively
Programming
Languages
• What Is a Programming Language?

– A set of rules, words, symbols, and codes used to write
computer programs
– To write a program, you need the appropriate software for
the programming language being used
• Categories of Programming Languages
– Classified by the types of programs they are designed to
create: procedural or object-oriented languages
– Often categorized by their level or generation
Categories / Generations of programming languages
• First generation of programming languages

– Machine language
• Low-Level Languages (earliest programming
languages)
• Written at a very low level, just using 1s and 0s
• Second generation of programming languages
– Assembly language
• Uses names and other symbols to replace some of the
1s and 0s in machine language
• Programs take longer to write and maintain
Third generation of programming languages

– High-Level Languages
– Closer to natural languages
– Machine independent
– 3rd generation Languages include (FORTRAN, BASIC,
COBOL, C, etc.) and object-oriented languages (Visual
Basic, C#, Python, Java, etc.)
– Visual programming environments (VPEs)
• Use graphical interface to create programs
• Some are designed for educational purposes
• Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)

– Even closer to natural languages and easier to work with
than high-level languages
– Declarative rather than procedural
– Commonly used to access databases
Common Programming
Languages
Common Programming Languages
• FORTRAN (Formula Translator)
– High-level programming language used for mathematical,
scientific, and engineering applications
– Still used today for high-performance computing tasks
(weather forecasting)
– Fortress
• Version designed for high-performance computing
• Takes advantage of multi-core processors and
computers with multiple processors
• Not being updated
• COBOL (Common Business oriented language)
– Designed for business transaction processing
– Makes extensive use of modules
– Strength lies in batch processing and its stability
– Programs are lengthy and take a long time to write
– Considered to be outdated by some
– New versions are evolving
• COBOL.NET
• Pascal
– Named after mathematician Blaise Pascal
– Created as a teaching tool to encourage structured
programming
– Contains a variety of control structures used to manipulate
modules systematically
• BASIC and Visual Basic (Beginners all purpose symbolic
instruction code)
– Easy-to-learn, high-level programming language that was
developed to be used by beginning programmers
– Visual Basic
• Object-oriented version of BASIC; uses a visual
environment
• C, C++, and C#
– C : Much closer to assembly language than other high-level languages
– C++: Object-oriented version of C
• Very popular for graphical applications
– C# (C sharp): Hybrid of C and C++
• Used to create Web applications, XML-based Web services,
and Windows apps
– Objective-C: For iPhone and other Apple applications
• Java
– High-level, object-oriented programming language
frequently used for Web-based applications
– Java programs are compiled into bytecode
– Can run on any computer that includes Java Virtual
Machine (Java VM)
– Can be used to write Java applets
• Dart
– High-level, open source, object-oriented programming
language developed by Google
– Designed to replace JavaScript in Web applications
– Ruby
• High-level, open source, object-oriented programming
language that is often used to develop Web applications
– Python
• Open-source, dynamic, object-oriented language that can
be used to develop a variety of applications: e.g., gaming,
scientific, and databases
• Used by large organizations and some colleges, such as MIT

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RIC 1002 - Introduction to computers

Instructor : Muhammad Umar Aftab

– Report Generators and User Interface (UI) Builders

• Application Program Interfaces (APIs)

• What Is a Programming Language?

• First generation of programming languages

Third generation of programming languages

• Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)

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