Water Sampling
Water Sampling
SALUDO
Water Quality
Issues
the
dynamics Relevant
and Background
characteristi information
cs of water
systems
Scoping and
designing of
water quality
monitoring
Monitoring
Objectives
Appropriate
Methods
Desired
Outcomes
Water quality monitoring
involves 8 steps
is a process of collecting
representative water samples from
surface water bodies to ensure that
acceptable field methods and
Quality Assurance/ Quality Control
procedures are followed when
performing water quality
assessments to ensure integrity
and reliability of results.
Purpose of Sampling
Objectives, parameters, levels of accuracy and use of the data
Sampling Location
Sampling frequency
Sample collection
• DO is determined in a sample
collected in a DO bottle using a DO
sampler. The DO in the sample must
be fixed immediately after collection,
using chemical reagents. DO
concentration can then be
determined either in the field or
later, in a level I or level II laboratory.
Groundwater
Sampling
three types of wells:
• Open dug wells - in use for domestic or
irrigation water supply
• Tube wells fitted with a hand pump or a
power-driven pump - for domestic water
supply or irrigation
• Piezometers, purpose-built for recording of
water level and water quality monitoring.
Groundwater
Sampling
creek
$
Beaches
- <1 kilometer length – three (3) monitoring
sites
Process Building
E2
I E3
E1
sampler’s name
A Field Test
Kit
Types of Samples
• Grab Sample
• Composite Sample
• Control Sample
Grab Sample
Provide “snapshot”
Used for process control
Short hold time
Used for testing that
requires immediate analysis
Cl2, pH, temp, organic,
volatiles
Composite Sample
Represent heterogeneous matrix
Can be set to represent flow based
Can result in loss or dilution of
analyte
Field blank
-prepared in the sampling site
Trip blank
-beginning of the trip.
Equipment blank
Cleaning procedures
for Bacteriological:
Thorough cleaning with water to
remove particulates and two times
rinsing with distilled water will usually
be sufficient.
COMMON WQ PARAMETERS:
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) at 20C
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Oil and Grease
ORGANIC
CO2,NH3,
OXIDATION
MATTER
BACTERIAL
H2S, H2O,
+
etc
OXYGEN
NEW CELLS
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN IN RECEIVING
WATER
AEROBIC
OXIDATION
Parameter
What are we
measuring?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD5)
Ammonia (NH3-N)
Nitrate (NO3)
Phosphorus (P)
Surfactants
Include:
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
PROTOZOA
Organic and inorganic particles that
are carried by wastewater into a
receiving water.
• Reduce the amount of sunlight
available to aquatic plants
• Cover spawning areas and food
supplies
• Smother coral reefs
• Clog and harm the gills of fish
COMMON PARAMETERS
pH
Electrical Conductivity
Dissolved Solids
Hardness
Chlorides
Sodium
HARDNESS – the property of water which
hampers the lather formation with soap.
Ions, especially Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Cl -, CO3 2+,
HCO3 -, impart hardness to water.
Hardness of Water, Description
mg/l CaCO3
0-17 SOFT
17-60 SLIGHTLY HARD
60-120 MODERATELY HARD
120-180 HARD
More than 180 VERY HARD
Heavy Metals
Pesticides
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Phenols
Heavy Metals –
arsenic, lead, mercury,
chromium, cadmium,
zinc, chromium
hexavalent , etc.
TOXIC ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS