Performance Test

A Brief Theory on IC Engines
Engine Testing and Performance

Important Performance Parameters of I.C.Engines:-
The important performance parameters of I.C. engines are as
follows:
(a) Power and Mechanical Efficiency.

(b) Mean Effective Pressure and Torque.
(c) Volumetric Efficiency.
(d) Fuel-air Ratio.
(e) Specific Fuel Consumption.
(f) Thermal Efficiency and Heat Balance.
Engine Testing and Performance
Indicated Power (IP) = Brake Power (BP) - Friction Power (FP)
INDICATE POWER
DEVELOPED INSIDE THE
ENGINE: IP
POWER AVAILABLE AT THE
END OF CRANK SHAFT: BP
FRICTION POWER: FP
Indicated Power
Power obtained at the cylinder. Obtained from the indicator diagram
where
 Pi is the indicated mean effective pressure, in N/m
 L is the stroke length, in m
 A is the area of cross section of the piston, m2,
 N’ is the engine speed in rev/min,
 [=N’=N/2 for 4_S engine and N’=N for 2-S engine]
 n is the number of cylinders and
For 4-stroke engine-one cycle will be completed in two revolutions N’=N/2

For 2-stroke engine-one cycle will be completed in one revolutions N’=N
Mean Effective Pressure
The mean effective pressure is a quantity related to the operation of an
reciprocating engine and is a valuable measure of an engine's capacity to do
work that is independent of engine displacement
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure or imep (pi) - it may be defined as the

average pressure over a cycle in the combustion chamber of the engine.
Pi = (Net work of cycle)/Swept Volume in N/m2 = P mep = Pm = Pi
Let,
W = work per cycle in joule
P = power output in watt
pmep = mean effective pressure in pascal
Vd = displacement volume in cubic metre
nc = number of revolutions per cycle (for a 4-stroke engine nc = 2)
N = number of revolutions per second
T = torque in newton-metre
Mean Effective Pressure
is also obtained by engine indicator diagram as
Pm= Pmep = (s*a)/l = N/m2

Where:
a = actual Indicator diagram cm2
l = base width of the indicator diagram, cm
s = spring value or spring constant used for in indicator diagram,( N/m 2 )/cm
Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) - Mean effective pressure calculated from brake
torque
Brake Power
MEASUREMENT OF B.P
1. Mechanical Dynamometer
I. Prony Brake
II. Rope Brake
BP = 2..N.T / 60 Watts
T = Torque = (W-S) De/2

W = Load on the Brake Drum in N
S = Spring Balance Reading in N
De = Effective Brake Drum Diameter = Drum Diameter(Db) + (2*Thickness of Rope)

BP can also be written as
BP = (W-S) (Db +d).N / 60 in Watts

Π (Db+d) is circumference of the brake drum
Friction Power
Friction power includes the frictional losses and the pumping losses. During
suction and exhaust strokes the piston must move against a gaseous pressure
and power required to do this is called the “pumping losses”.
The friction loss is made up of the energy loss due to friction between the
piston and cylinder walls, piston rings and cylinder walls, and between the
crank shaft and camshaft and their bearings, as well as by the loss incurred
by driving the essential accessories, such as
water pump, ignition unit etc.
Following methods are used in the laboratory to measure friction

This method is also known as fuel rate extrapolation method. In this
method a graph of fuel consumption (vertical axis) versus brake power
(horizontal axis) is drawn and it is extrapolated on the negative axis of
brake power (see Fig).
The intercept of the negative axis is taken as the friction power of the engine at
that speed.
As shown in the figure, in most of the power range the relation between the fuel
consumption and brake power is linear when speed of the engine is held constant
and this permits extrapolation.
Hence the extrapolated negative intercept of the horizontal axis will be the work
representing the combined losses due to friction, pumping and as a whole is
termed as the frictional loss of the engine.
Further when the engine does not develop power, i.e. brake power = 0, it
consumes a certain amount of fuel. This energy in the fuel would have been spent
in overcoming the friction.
This method of measuring friction power will hold good only for a particular
speed and is applicable mainly for compression ignition engines.
The main draw back of this method is the long distance to be
extrapolated from data between 5 and 40 % load towards the zero line of the
fuel input.
The directional margin of error is rather wide because the graph is not
exactly linear.
Efficiencies
Efficiencies
Indicates air capacity of a 4 stroke engine.
ήvol = Actual Air Admitted at intake condition / Theoretical Volume Available(Vs)
Volumetric efficiency of an engine is an indication of the measure of the

degree to which the engine fills its swept volume.
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of air inducted into the engine
cylinder during the suction stroke to the mass of the air corresponding
to the swept volume of the engine at atmospheric pressure and
temperature.
Alternatively, it can be defined as the ratio of the actual volume inhaled

during suction stroke measured at intake conditions to the swept volume
of the piston.
m 2m m-- is the mass flow rate of fresh mixture.

v   N-- is the engine speed in rev/unit time.
N  iVs N Vs --is the piston displacement (swept volume).
Vs  i ρi---- is the inlet density.
2
Specific Fuel Consumption
The power out put of an IC engine is measured by a rope brake dynamometer.
The diameter of brake pulley is 700 mm and rope diameter is 25 mm. The load
on the tight side of the rope is 50 kg and spring balance read 50N. The engine
is running at 900 rpm consumes fuel of calorific value of 44000 kJ/kg, at a rate
of 4 kg/hr. Calculate i. Brake specific fuel consumption, ii. Brake thermal
Efficiency
bsfc = mf(kg/hr)/BP(kW)
BP=(2πNT) /60*1000= 2*π*(W-S) (Db+dr)/2
= (50*9.81-50)*π*(0.025+0.7)*900/ 60*1000 =15.05 kW
So, bsfc = 4 / 15.05 = 0.266 kg/kW hr
Brake thermal efficiency (ɳbt) = BP kW/ mf (kg/sec)*CV (kJ/kg)
= 15.05/(4/3600)*44000 = 0.3878 = 38.78%

A 4 cylinder 4 stroke SI engine has a compression ratio of 8 and bore of 100mm,
with stroke equals to bore. The volumetric efficiency of each cylinder is 75%.
The engine speed is 4800 rpm with an air fuel ratio of 15. CV of fuel is 42NJ/kg,
mean effective pressure in the cylinder=10 bar and mechanical efficiency of the
engine = 80% determine Indicated thermal efficiency nd Brake Power
IP= pm L A N’/60000
Pm=mep= 10*105 N/m2
So IP = [10*105 * (π/4) 0.12* 0.1*(4800/2)*4]/60000 = 125.66kW
To find fuel consumption in kg/sec
Volumetric Efficiency = Actual Air consumed/ Theoretical Air consumed
Theoretical air = Vs* N’ = (π/4) 0.12* 0.1*4800/2
= 1.884m3/min = 0.0314 m3/sec
= 0.1256 m3/sec for 4 cylinders

So, air consumed = 0.1256*0.75 = 0.094252 m3/sec
Air consumed in kg/s = 0.094252 m3/sec* 1.12 kg/m3 = 0.1056 kg/s
Now to find mass of fuel consumed, use air fuel ratio as A/F= Air used/Fuel used
Therefore mass of fuel used = Air used/A:F = 0.1056/15 = 0.00704 kg/s
So Indicated Thermal Efficiency = IP/mf*CV = 125.66/0,00704*42*106 = 42.5%
Mechanical Efficiency= BP/IP
So, BP = IP* ɳ
m
= 125.66*0.8 = 100.53 Kw
A 4 cylinder 2 stroke petrol engine develop 30 kW at 2500 rpm. The
mean effective pressure on each piston is 8 bar and mechanical
efficiency is 80%. Calculate the diameter and stroke of each cylinder if
stroke to bore ratio is 1.5. Also evaluate the fuel consumption of the
engine, if brake thermal efficiency is 28%. The Calorific Value of the fuel
is 43900 kJ/kg.
ɳm = BP/IP, so IP = 30/0.8 = 37.5kW
IP = pm l A N’/ 60000
37.7 = [(π/4)*D2 (1.5D) 2500 * 8*105*5]/60000
D3 = 0.0002387 D = 0.062 m
L = 0.62*1.5 = 93 mm
Fuel Consumption
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ɳbt) = BP/mf*CV
0.28 = 30/mf*43900 so mf = 0.00244 kg/sec

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A Brief Theory on IC Engines

Engine Testing and Performance

(a) Power and Mechanical Efficiency.

Indicated Power (IP) = Brake Power (BP) - Friction Power (FP)

For 4-stroke engine-one cycle will be completed in two revolutions N’=N/2

Indicated Mean Effective Pressure or imep (pi) - it may be defined as the

Pi = (Net work of cycle)/Swept Volume in N/m2 = P mep = Pm = Pi

Pm= Pmep = (s*a)/l = N/m2

T = Torque = (W-S) De/2

De = Effective Brake Drum Diameter = Drum Diameter(Db) + (2*Thickness of Rope)

BP = (W-S) (Db +d).N / 60 in Watts

Following methods are used in the laboratory to measure friction

ήvol = Actual Air Admitted at intake condition / Theoretical Volume Available(Vs)

Volumetric efficiency of an engine is an indication of the measure of the

Alternatively, it can be defined as the ratio of the actual volume inhaled

m 2m m-- is the mass flow rate of fresh mixture.

BP=(2πNT) /60*1000= 2*π*(W-S) (Db+dr)/2

= (50*9.81-50)*π*(0.025+0.7)*900/ 60*1000 =15.05 kW

So, bsfc = 4 / 15.05 = 0.266 kg/kW hr

Brake thermal efficiency (ɳbt) = BP kW/ mf (kg/sec)*CV (kJ/kg)

= 15.05/(4/3600)*44000 = 0.3878 = 38.78%

Pm=mep= 10*105 N/m2

So IP = [10*105 * (π/4) 0.12* 0.1*(4800/2)*4]/60000 = 125.66kW

To find fuel consumption in kg/sec

Volumetric Efficiency = Actual Air consumed/ Theoretical Air consumed

Theoretical air = Vs* N’ = (π/4) 0.12* 0.1*4800/2

= 1.884m3/min = 0.0314 m3/sec

= 0.1256 m3/sec for 4 cylinders

Air consumed in kg/s = 0.094252 m3/sec* 1.12 kg/m3 = 0.1056 kg/s

Therefore mass of fuel used = Air used/A:F = 0.1056/15 = 0.00704 kg/s

So Indicated Thermal Efficiency = IP/mf*CV = 125.66/0,00704*42*106 = 42.5%

Mechanical Efficiency= BP/IP

37.7 = [(π/4)*D2 (1.5D) 2500 * 8*105*5]/60000

Brake Thermal Efficiency (ɳbt) = BP/mf*CV

0.28 = 30/mf*43900 so mf = 0.00244 kg/sec

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BP=(2πNT) /601000= 2π*(W-S) (Db+dr)/2

= (509.81-50)π*(0.025+0.7)900/ 601000 =15.05 kW

So IP = [10105 (π/4) 0.12* 0.1(4800/2)4]/60000 = 125.66kW

So Indicated Thermal Efficiency = IP/mfCV = 125.66/0,0070442*106 = 42.5%

37.7 = [(π/4)D2 (1.5D) 2500 81055]/60000