Perkembangan Organisasi & Manajemen
Perkembangan Organisasi & Manajemen
Perkembangan Organisasi & Manajemen
DAN MANAJEMEN
OLEH :
AMY S. RAHAYU
DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT THEORY
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT
(1950 TO PRESENT)
SUMBER: McLAUGHLIN, 1994:15
THE MODEL FOR ORGANIZATION
PREVAILED THROUGH THE GREEK
& ROMAN EMPIRES, THE HOLY
ROMAN EMPIRES, THE FEUDAL
SYSTEM OF THE MEDIEVAL
PERIOD, THE RENAISSANCE, AND
UNTIL THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, ACTING AS A
CATALIST, MARKED THE START OF SERIOUS STUDY
OF MANAGEMENT AND ORANIZATION
MA AL ORY
N SC S IC THE
AG IE L AS ION
EM NTI C AT
EN FIC N IZ
TT GA
HE OR
ORY
ATTENTION WAS FOCUSED ON HOW RESOURCES COULD BE
EFFECTIVELY CONVERTED INTO FINISHED GOODS AND
SERVICES. MANAGERS WERE CONCERNED WITH EFFICIENCY
AND MAXIMIZATION OF OUTPUT
THE PIONEER :
• FREDERICK W. TAYLOR (1856-1915) AN AMERICAN
ENGINEER. STRESSED THAT THE CORE OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT WAS IN ATTITUDE AND NOT JUST IN
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES.
TAYLOR BELIEVING THAT MANAGEMENT AND LABOUR
HAD A COMMON INTEREST IN INCREASING
PRODUCTIVITY.
HIS TWO BOOKS, ‘SHOP MANAGEMENT’ (1906) AND ‘THE
PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT’ (1911)
TAYLOR’S CONTRIBUTION :
THE PIONEER :
• HENRI FAYOL (1841-1925) A FRENCH INDUSTRIALIST. HE
ANALYSED MANAGEMENT FROM A TOP-LEVEL
PERSPECTIVE AND BELIEVED THAT SOUND MANAGERIAL
PRACTICE FELL INTO CERTAIN IDENTIFIABLE PATTERNS
TWO MAJOR CONTRIBUTION :
1. HE IDENTIFIED FIVE PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF
MANAGEMENT (THE FUNCTION OF MANAGER :POCCC)
2. HE ESTABLISHED A SET OF PRINCIPLES WHICH
MANAGER SHOULD APPLY AS THEY PERFORM THESE
FUNCTION
• MAX WEBER, CONSTRUCTED A MODEL OF ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE THAT WOULD BE BOTH RATIONAL AND
EFFICIENT FOR LARGE ORGANIZATIONS. THE TERM HE
CHOSE FOR THIS MODEL WAS ‘BUREAUCRACY’
THE BASIS OF WEBER’S BUREAUCRACY WAS :
• AN ELABORATE DIVISION OF LABOUR
• SELECTION AND PROMOTION ON THE BASIS OF MERIT TO
MEET PRESCRIBED POSITION SPECIFICATIONS
• SET SALARIES AND BENEFITS
• A SET HIERARCHY OF JOBS AND OFFICES
• OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY VESTED IN SPECIFIC POSITION
• A CLEAR CHANNEL OF COMMAND
• FORMAL, IMPERSONAL RULES AND DISCIPLINE
(NEO-CLASSICAL MANAGEMNET THEORY)
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
HUMAN RELATION APPROACH
APPROACH
THE PIONEER :
• ELTON MAYO (1880-1949) AN AUSTRALIAN BASED IN UNITED
STATE. MADE IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES ABOUT WORKERS’
BEHAVIOUR AT THE HAWTHORNE PLANT OF WESTERN
ELECTRIC.
HIS RESEARCH, FROM 1927 TO 1932, SHOWED THAT WHEN
SPECIAL ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO WORKERS BY
MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY IS LIKELY TO INCREASE,
REGARDLESS OF ANY CHANGES IN WORKING CONDITIONS.
THIS PHENOMENON LATER BECAME KNOWN AS THE
“HAWTHORNE EFFECT”
A RESULT OF MAYO’S FINDINGS WAS THAT MORE ATTETION
WAS DIRECTED TOWARDS TEACHING ‘PEOPLE-
MANAGEMENT’ SKILLLS, AS OPPOSED TO TECHNICAL
SKILLS
• DOUGLAS McGREGOR (1901-1964) A MANAGEMENT
WRITER AND THEORIEST, THE CLASSICALLY
STRUCTURED ORGANIZATIONS (WITH ITS
CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY, SPECIALIZED JOBS,
CLOSE SUPERVISION OF EMPLOYEES,ets) WAS A
REFLECTION OF CLASSICAL WRITER’S ASSUMPTIONS
ABOUT HUMAN NATURE. McGREGOR CALLED THESE
ASSUMPTIONS :
“THEORY X”
ESTEEM NEEDS
SOCIAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
BASIC NEEDS
BY ABRAHAM MASLOW
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT THEORY ATTEMPTS TO
INTEGRATE VARIOUS EXISTING MANAGEMENT THEORIES IN
ORDER TO FIND THE BEST APPROACH FOR A PARTICULAR
SITUATION
MANAGER
SUBORDINATES
TASK
SITUATION
ORGANIZATION
ENVIRONMENT
TIMING
• MANAGEMENT SCIENCE OR OPERATION REASEARCH
• IT IS AN APPROACH OFTEN USED FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
• A TEAM OF SPECIALISTS ANALYSES A PROBLEM AND
PROPOSES A COURSE OF ACTION TO MANAGEMENT
• MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND COMPUTERS ARE
FREQUENTLY USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM
•THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS ARE USEFUL FOR
PLANNING AND CONTROLLING, BUT HAVE LIMITED
APPLICATION TO ISSUES DIRECTLY CONCERNING PEOPLE
IN THE SYSTEM APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT, THE
ORGANIZATION IS SEEN AS A UNIFIED SYSTEM MADE
UP OF MANY INTERRELATED PARTS.
WHAT IS SYSTEM ?
FEEDBACK
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT