Film

FILM
■ A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film, or

photoplay, is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen,
create the illusion of moving images.
■ A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion-
picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using
traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer
animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques,
and other visual effects.
■ The word "cinema", short for cinematography, is often used to refer
to filmmaking and the film industry, and to the art of filmmaking itself.
■ Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a
photochemical process and then shown through a movie projector
onto a large screen.
■ Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect
those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an
important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful
medium for educating citizens.
■ The individual images that make up a film are called frames.
History
■ Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances
had elements common to film: scripts, sets, costumes, production,
direction, actors, audiences, storyboards and scores.
■ The use of sequences of photographs in such devices was initially
limited to a few experiments with subjects photographed in a series of
poses because the available emulsions were not sensitive enough to
allow the short exposures needed to photograph subjects that were
actually moving. The sensitivity was gradually improved and in the
late 1870s, Eadward Muybridge created the first animated image
sequences photographed in real-time.
■ By the end of the 1880s, the introduction of lengths of celluloid
photographic film and the invention of motion picture cameras which
allowed several minutes of action to be captured and stored on a
single compact reel of film.
■ Workers Leaving The Lumière Factory in Lyon by Lumiere
brothers is considered to be first real motion picture ever made
■ The first film studios were built in 1897.
■ The first use of animation in movies was in 1899.
■ Until sound film became commercially practical in the late 1920s,
motion pictures were a purely visual art, but these innovative silent
films had gained a hold on the public imagination.
■ The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the outbreak of World
War I, while the film industry in the United States flourished with the
rise of Hollywood,
■ The decades following the decline of the studio system in the 1960s
saw changes in the production and style of film. Various New Wave
movements and the rise of film-school-educated independent
filmmakers contributed to the changes the medium experienced in
the latter half of the 20th century.
How movies are made?
■ A screenwriter writes a script, which is the story of the movie with words and
things that the actors will say and do. Then a producer hires people to work on
the movie and gets all of the money that will be needed to pay for the actors
and the equipment. Producers usually get the money by borrowing it from a
bank or by getting investors to lend money to the movie production. Some
producers work for a movie studio; other producers are independent (they do
not work for a movie studio).
■ Actors and directors read scripts to find out what to say and what to do. The
actors memorize the words from the script that they will say in the movie, and
learn the actions that the script tells them to do. Then, the director tells the
actors what to do and a cameraman takes motion pictures of them with a
motion picture camera.
■ When filming has finished, an editor puts the moving pictures together in a
way that tells the whole story within a set amount of time. Audio engineers
and sound engineers record music and singing and join it with the moving
pictures. When the movie is done, many copies of the movie are made by
movie labs and put onto film reels. Then the reels are sent to cinemas. An
electric machine called a projector shines a very bright light through the film,
Workers Leaving The Lumière Factory
in Lyon(1895)
Genres
■ Action movies have a lot of exciting effects like car chases and gun fights,
involving stuntmen. Action movies usually need very little effort to watch,
since the plot is normally simple.
■ Adventure Movies usually involve a hero who sets out on a quest to save
the world or loved ones.
■ Animated movies use artificial images like talking pigs to tell a story. These
movies used to be drawn by hand, one frame at a time, but are now made on
computers.
■ Comedies are funny movies about people being silly or doing unusual things
or being in silly or unusual situations that make the audience laugh.
■ Dramas are serious, and often about people falling in love or needing to
make a big decision in their life.
■ Horror movies use fear to excite the audience. Music, lighting and sets are
all designed to add to the feeling.
■ Western movies tell stories about cowboys in the western United States in
the 1800s.
■ Film production consists of five major stages:
■ Development: The first stage in which the ideas for the film are
created, rights to books/plays are bought etc., and the screenplay is
written. Financing for the project has to be sought and obtained.
■ Pre-production: Arrangements and preparations are made for the
shoot, such as hiring cast and film crew, selecting locations and
constructing sets.
■ Production: The raw footage and other elements for the film are
recorded during the film shoot.
■ Post-production: The images, sound, and visual effects of the
recorded film are edited and combined into a finished product.
■ Distribution: The completed film is distributed, marketed, and
screened in cinemas and/or released to home video.

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FILM

■ A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film, or

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