Lecture 10

Programming
Constructs
 Lecture 10(a)

Programming Constructs
 Programming Constructs
Programming constructs describe the general flow
of instruction execution in portion of a program.

A program may have several constructs depending

on required function.

It is important to study constructs so as to be able

to choose best program flows for situations as
desired.
 Sequential Flow
The program flows
without branching. Start

An example to find Get first number

average of two
Get second number
numbers
MVI A,05H ; get first number Add
MVI B,07H ; get second number
ADD B ; add the two Divide by 2
STC ; set carry flag
CMC ; complement (clear) Cy
RAR A ; divide by two End
 The IF-THEN Construct
 A section of the code is only
executed when some condition is
met.
 In other cases, it is skipped over.
Number N
negative?
Example:
 Program to calculate magnitude
of an 8-bit signed numbers in the
2’s complement form. Y
 Magnitude is same as number if
number is positive Evaluate 2’s
 Magnitude is equal the 2’s complement
complement of the input number
if the number is negative. NEXT
 2’s complement evaluated only
when number is negative.
 The IF-THEN Construct

MOV A,M Number N

AND 10000000b JZ negative?
next

MOV A,M Y
CMA Sequence
INR A Evaluate 2’s 2’s
calculates
complement
complement
next: INX H value
NEXT
 The IF-THEN-ELSE Construct
Two sections of code that
are executed on alternate
conditions. Temp
N
above
threshold HEAT
Example: value?
A program to turn on or
off a heaters and fans Y
depending on whether Heat
temperature is above or Cool
below a threshold value.
NEXT
The IF-THEN-ELSE Construct
IN 00H
CPI 56H
Temp
JC HEAT above
N
MVI A,F0H threshold HEAT
OUT 01H value?
JMP NEXT
Y
HEAT: MVI 0FH Heat
OUT 01H Cool
 
NEXT: -------
NEXT
 Multiple IF-THEN-ELSE Construct
Several sections of code
each one of which is
executed when one of Below Y
multiple conditions is met. LOW
50?
B=0
N
Example:
A program that reads the Below Y
port 08H and writes to 150? MID
register B:
 0 if number is less than 50 N B = 50
 50 if the number is in B = 150
range 50 to 150
 150 if the number is above NEXT
150
Multiple IF-THEN-ELSE Construct
IN 08 ; read in value
CPI 50 ; compare to lowest range
JNC LOW ; branch to code for low range
CPI 150 ; compare to mid range
JNC MID ; branch to code for mid range
 
MVI B,150 ; code for high range
JMP NEXT ; jump code for alternate range
 
LOW: MVI B,0 ; code for low range
JMP NEXT ; jump code for alternate range
 
MID: MVI B,50 ; code for mid range
 
NEXT: ------- ; program continuation
 The DO-WHILE Loop
A section of a program LOOP
is executed repeatedly
until some condition is
Read port
met.

Example:
A program to check the
value on an input port Value is Y
zero?
and only proceed when
a non-zero value is
read. N
 The DO-WHILE Loop
LOOP

Read port

LOOP: IN 05H
JZ LOOP
------
Value is Y
zero?

N
 Start

Copy-paste Example DE = 4000h

HL = 8000h
BC = 1000h

MOVE_NEXT

Move contents of memory pointed by DE

to memory pointed to by HL

START: LXI D,4000H Increment DE

LXI H,8000H Increment HL
LXI B,1000H
Decrement BC
MOVE_NEXT: LDAX D
MOV M,A Code section
BC = 0? N
INX DE executed
INX HL repeatedly
Y
DCX BC
JNZ MOVE_NEXT End
HLT
Tutorial Exercise 7
1. Question 5
2. Question 6
 Lecture 10(b)

Programming Constructs
 Programmed Delays
A programmed delay is a program that executes so
as to give a time delay.

Basic idea is to repeatedly decrement a register to

zero in a DO-WHILE, WHILE-DO or FOR loop.

By the time the loop is exited, a time delay would

have elapsed.

Register decrements may be nested to increase

the delay period
 Programmed Delays
Start

Load BC with number y

D1 DELAY: LXI B,0800h
Decrement BC D1: DCX B
JNZ D1
N
Is DE = 0?

End
 Start
ProgrammedNested
Delaysloops
Load DE with number x
D2
Load BC with number y
DELAY: LXI D,067h
D1
D2: LXI B,0FFFFh
Decrement BC
D1: DCX B
N
JNZ D1
Is BC = 0?
DCX D
Y
JNZ D2
Decrement DE

N
Is DE = 0?

Y
End
 Delay Calculations
Knowing durations of the
DELAY: LXI D,x
individual instructions, one can
D2: LXI B,y
evaluate total duration and hence
D1: DCX B
delay offered by the program
JNZ D1
segment.
DCX D
JNZ D2

Number of executions of LXI D,x = 1 10 cycles

Number of executions of LXI B,x = x 10x cycles
Number of executions of DCX B = xy 6xy cycles
Number of executions of JNZ D1 = xy 12xy cycles
Number of executions of DCX D = x 6x cycles
Number of executions of JNZ D2 = x 12x cycles
TOTAL CYCLES = 10 + 28x +18xy cycles
 Class Exercise
Design delay routines of the following durations:
5 seconds
10 seconds
20 seconds
Individual Researches
The WHILE-DO LOOP

The FOR LOOP

 MAY DO IF TIME
AVAILABLE ELSE
TO DO
Extra AS
Works
INDIVDUAL
WORKS
 The WHILE-DO Loop
A section of a program
is executed repeatedly
until some condition is LOOP
met.
Test condition checked
Write Aah
before executing code
Pin 7
high? N
Example:
A program to write the
code AAh to port 07h Y NEXT

until pin 7 of the port

06h goes high.
 The WHILE-DO Loop

LOOP
LOOP: IN 06h
ANI 10000000b
JNZ NEXT Write Aah

MVI A,0AAh Pin 7

OUT 07h high? N

JMP LOOP

NEXT: - - - - - - - - Y NEXT
Code to be
repeated if till
condition met
 The FOR Loop
Has same basic operation as DO-WHILE or
WHILE-DO LOOPs

A section of a program is executed repeatedly

until some condition is met.