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Acids: Alkalis

1) There are several methods to measure pH, including universal indicators that change color according to pH and pH meters that electronically display the pH level. 2) Acids contain hydrogen ions and dissociate in water, donating hydrogen ions. They can be strong acids that fully ionize or weak acids that partially ionize. Bases donate hydroxide ions when dissolved in water and neutralize acids. 3) Neutralization reactions occur when an acid and base react, forming water and a salt. The pH rises or falls depending on whether an acid or base is added in excess. Titration is used to determine the volumes of acid and base required to reach neutralization.

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Zeedan Mohammed
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42 views

Acids: Alkalis

1) There are several methods to measure pH, including universal indicators that change color according to pH and pH meters that electronically display the pH level. 2) Acids contain hydrogen ions and dissociate in water, donating hydrogen ions. They can be strong acids that fully ionize or weak acids that partially ionize. Bases donate hydroxide ions when dissolved in water and neutralize acids. 3) Neutralization reactions occur when an acid and base react, forming water and a salt. The pH rises or falls depending on whether an acid or base is added in excess. Titration is used to determine the volumes of acid and base required to reach neutralization.

Uploaded by

Zeedan Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACIDS, ALKALIS AND

TITRATIONS
-FINALS
ACIDS – DANGEROUS OR SAFE ???
HOW TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER
WE HAVE AN ACID OR A BASE?
pH Scale
• Ranges from 0-14
• Determines the strength of an acid of a base.
HOW TO MEASURE pH THEN???
(1) Universal Indicators
• It is made of a mixture on indicators.
• Changes color according to pH.
• It can be used as solution or paper.
• Most Common
– FULL RANGE UNIVERSAL INDICATOR
• Changes color from 1-14
But not very accurate
• Later it is checked against a chart to
find pH
(2) pH Meter
• Another method of measuring
the pH of a substance is to use
a pH meter.
• When you place the electrode
into the solution, the
electronic display shows the
pH level.
ACID-ALKALI INDICATORS
• Any substance that changes color according to pH can be used as an
indicator.
• In neutral solutions, color is purple (mixture of red and blue) for litmus.
• Universal indicator is green in neutral solutions.
ACIDS
• All acids have H.
• When acids react, the H gets replaced.
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
H from HCl is replaced by Na.
• But not all H are replaceable.
In CH3COOH, H that is attached to O is
replaceable, but H attached to C is not.
• Acids dissociate in water.
HCl  H+ + Cl-
• While measuring pH, we measure the
conc. of H+ ions in solution i.e why H in
pH is written in capital letters.
• Acids can be of two types:
• i. Strong acid. Those which ionizes fully in water.
• ii. Weak acid. Those which ionizes partially/incompletely in water. 
BASES
• Bases are substances which neutralize acids by combining with H ions.
• Base usually means metal oxide, metal hydroxide or ammonia.
ALKALI
S
• Bases dissolve in water to form OH- ions.
Thus, they are alkalis.
• Eg: NaOH, KOH etc
• NaOH dissociate in water to form:
NaOH  Na+ + OH-
• NH3 solution reacts with water to form:
NH3 + H2O  NH4 + OH-
• Metal carbonates like
Na2CO3 + H2O  NaOH + NaHCO3
• All these are alkaline and have a pH
greater than 7.
NEUTRALIZATION
REACTIONS
• Neutralization: A Reaction in which Acidity or Alkalinity is removed.
• Alkali + Acid, pH rises as the alkali reacts with acid forming a neutral solution.
• Acid + Alkali, pH falls as the acid reacts with base forming a neutral solution.
REACTION OF ACIDS WITH BASES – NEUTRALIZATION
REACTIONS
• Acid – H2SO4
• Base – CuO or MgO
• The following reaction takes place –

• +  +

Copper (II) Oxide Hot Dilute Sulphuric Acid Copper (II) Sulfate (salt) Water
• Cu(II)O is an ionic compound; have O2- ion. H+ from H2SO4 combines with it and forms H2O.
ACIDS WITH ALKALIS – Neutralization
Reactions
• Acid – Dil. HCl
• Alkali – NaOH solution
• Both are ionic compounds and will
be present as ions.
• Na+ and Cl- are there on both sides.
Thus spectator ions are removed and
the ionic equation is obtained.
• All alkalis and acids react in the same
way and form water.
TITRATION
• Method to determine how much acid/alkali reacts with known volume
of alkali/acid.
• Volume of Acid Added   =   Starting Volume of Acid   –   Final Volume of Acid

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