SIMPLIFIED

ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
COURSE
OUTLINE
I. STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR UNITS

II. STANDARD ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

III. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM AND EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION

IV. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT

1.0 POWER TRANSFORMER

2.0 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS
3.0 HIGH VOLTAGE AIR SWITCHES
4.0 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
5.0 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
6.0 SURGE ARRESTER
7.0 PROTECTIVE RELAYS
8.0 HIGH VOLTAGE FUSES
9.0 POWER SWITCHGEAR
 I. STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR UNITS

SI DERIVED UNITS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIT SYMBOL REMARKS

amperes A SI unit of electric current
cycle per second Hz Standard unit for frequency
horsepower Hp  
kilo k Pre fix for kilo
kilometer kM SI unit of length
kilovar kVAR SI unit for Reactive Power
kilovolt-ampere kVA SI unit of Apparent Power
kilowatt kW SI unit for True Power
volt V SI unit for voltage
II. STANDARD ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

Oil Circuit Breaker

Air Circuit Breaker (non-auto trip)

Air Circuit Breaker (with built-in tripping device)

Disconnect Switch, 1-Pole, Manually Gang Operated

Fuse (general)

Power Fuse (Disconnecting Type)

Fuse Cut-Out

Fuse Link (Built-in)

Voltage Transformer (Single Secondary)

Voltage Transformer (Double Secondary)

Power Transformer (Two Winding)

Power Transformer (Three Winding with Neutral of One Winding

Grounded)

Auto Power Transformer (Two Voltage or Phase Shifting)

Current Transformer (Delta Connected or Short Circuited)

Battery

Capacitor

Contact Normally Open (*TDC-Time Delay Closing if indicated)

Contact Normally Closed (*TDO-Time Delay Opening if indicated)

Connection To (as indicated)

Drawout (*includes equipment as indicated with proper symbol)

Ground or Grounding

Incoming Line (Overhead or Underground as indicated)

Surge Arrester

Line Connected or Tapped

Overload Relay

Outgoing Line (Overhead or Underground)

Resistor
III. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OR ONE LINE DIAGRAM DESCRIBED BY USING SINGLE LINES AND SIMPLIFIED SYMBOLS
THE COURSE AND COMPONENTS DEVICES OR PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. IT ILLUSTRATES THE PATH OF
ENERGY TRANSFER AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF CIRCUIT COMPONENTS WITH THEIR RATINGS.
SOURCE

NOTE:
INCOMING LINE

AM - Ammeter
51 - AC Time Overcurrent Relay
51N - Ground Fault Relay
POWER TRANSFORMER 52 - AC Circuit Breaker

Am 51 51n

52 AC CIRCUIT BREAKER
IV. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT
1.0 POWER TRANSFORMER

1.1 SYMBOL

ANSI IEC

1.2 DEFINITION
An electrical apparatus for transferring electrical energy from one alternating
current circuit to another without a change in frequency. These are transformers
with rating above 500kVA.

1.3 Preferred kVA rating (3Ø)

SMALL POWER MEDIUM POWER LARGE POWER

750 7,500 30000 100,000 and ABOVE
1,000 10,000 37500
1,500 12,000 50,000
2,000 15,000 60,000
3,750 20,000 75,000
5,000 25,000 100,000
7,500
1.4 IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE
The voltage required to circulate the rated current under short circuit
conditions
when connected on the rated voltage tap is the impedance voltage.

1.4.1 STANDARD IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE (IZ)

1.4.1.1ANSI

HIGH VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE

RATING (Volts) 480V (Sec) 2400V (Sec)
2,400 - 22,900 6.75% 6.50%
26,000 - 34,400 7.25% 7.00%
43,800 7.75% 7.50%
67,100 8.00%
115,000 8.50%
138,000 9.00%

1.4.1.2IEC

BASED KVA % IZ
0 - 150
151 - 300 4.00
301 - 600 5
601 - 2500 6
2500 -5000 6.5
5001 - 7500 7.50
7500 - 10,000 8.50
Above 10,000 9.50
1.5 APPLICATION
As a Unit Substation Transformer - essentially Power Transformer standard voltage
rating Throat Connected or connected by the Metal Enclosed Bus to Metal Switchgear
or Motor Control Equipments.

1.6 MAIN COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION

1.6.1 High Voltage Section (Incoming or Primary)
1.6.2 Transformer Section
1.6.3 Low Voltage Section (Outgoing)

1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF UNIT SUBSTATION

1.7.1 Primary Unit Substation
Secondary Voltage > 1000V
≤ 1500V
1.7.2 Secondary Unit Substation
Secondary Voltage ≤ 1000V
1.8 ILLUSTRATION
1.9 COOLING METHODS

1.9.1 ANSI
(1)Liquid Immersed, Air Cooled (Liquid Cooled)
*OA ……………. Liquid Immersed Self Cooled
*OA/FA ……… Liquid Immersed Self Cooled/Force Air Cooled

ILLUSTRATION:

1100 KVA
Specifications of Power Transformer

*OA/FA/FA
……… Liquid-Immersed Self Cooled / Forced Air Cooled

(2)Liquid Immersed Water Cooled

* OW ………….. Liquid Immersed Water Cooled
* OW ………….. Liquid Immersed Water Cooled / Self Cooled
(3)Liquid Immersed, Forced-Liquid Cooled
*FOA ………….. Liquid Immersed, Forced Liquid Cooled with
Force Air Cooled

ILLUSTRATION:
1.9.1 IEC STANDARD
(1)Kinds of Cooling Medium Symbol
- Mineral Oil or Equal Flammable O
Synthetic Insulating Liquid

- Non-Flammable Synthetic (askarel) L

- Gas G

- Water W

- Air A
(2)Kind of Circulation Symbol
- Natural N

- Forced (Not Directed) F

- Forced (Directed Oil) D

-3
(3)Illustration

ON AN

Oil
Natural Circulation
Air
Natural

The first two (2) indicate the cooling medium that is in contact
with the winding.

1st Letter …... Kind of Cooling Medium

2nd Letter ….. Kind of Circulation

The last two (2) indicates the cooling medium that is in contact
with the external cooling medium.

3rd Letter…… Kind of Cooling Medium

4th Letter ….. Kind of Circulation
1.10Lead Marking of Three Phase Transformer

1.10.1 ANSI
 1.11 Angular Displacement I1N1 = I2N2
E1 = aE2
Definition:
The Angular Displacement of a three phase transformer is the time angle
expressed in degree between the line to neutral voltage of the reference
identified High Voltage terminal (H1) and the line to the neutral voltage
of the corresponding identified Low Voltage terminal (Y1).
1.11.1 ANSI Standard
(1)0° Angular displacement group.
(2)30° Angular displacement group.
Delta - Wye
Delta - delta

Wye-Delta
Wye - Wye
 IEC TRANSFORMER VECTOR GROUP  
                 
PHASE SHIFT (DEG)     CONNECTION
                 
  0   LAG     Yy0 Dd0 Dz0
  30°   LAG     Yd1 Dy1 Yz1
  60°   LAG       Dd2 Dz2
  120°   LAG       Dd4 Dz4
  150   LAG     Yd5 Dy5 Yz5
  180   LAG     Yy6 Dd6 Dz6
  150   LAG     Yd7 Dd7 Yz7
  120   LAG       Dd8 Dz8
  60   LAG     Dd10 Dz10
  30   LAG     Yd11 Dy11 Yz11

1.12 Through Fault Current Withstand

(Short Circuit Apparent Power of the System)
       
                 
      Maximum System     System Fault
      Voltage (kV)     Capacity (MVA)
                 
      48.3     4,300
      72.5     9,800
      121     35,100
      145     38,200
      169     50,200
                 
1.13 Basic Insulation Level (BIL)
(Basic Impulse Level)

Relation between Nominal Voltage and BIL

1.13.1 ANSI

DISTRIBUTION LEVEL

Nominal System Commonly Used BIL

Voltage (kV) (Basic Impulse Level)
1.2 30
2.5 45
5.0 60
8.7 75
15.0 95
25.0 150, 100
34.5 200, 175, 125
46.5 250, 200
69.0 350, 250
 POWER LEVEL

Nominal System Commonly Used BIL

Voltage (kV) (Basic Impulse Level)
1.2 45, 30
2.5 60, 45
5.0 75, 60
8.7 95, 75
15.0 110, 95
25.0 150, 95
34.5 200, 95
46.0 250, 200
69.0 350, 250
115.0 550, 450
138.0 650, 350
161.0 750, 650
230.0 1050, 900
345.0 1175, 1050
500.0 1675, 1550
763.0 2050, 1925
1000 2425, 2300
1.14 Illustration:
Determine the electrical specifications of the substation power transformer 3Ø,
60 Hz, 69/416 kV whose demand is 6000kW.

Design Assumption:
P.F. of Power Transformer …………….. 0.8
Primary Line …………………………………… 69000 volts

6000
kVAT = = 7500 kVA
0.8
Capacity ………………………………………….. 7500 kVA
High Voltage Rating ……………………….. 69 kV Delta
Secondary Voltage Rating ……………… 4.16Y / 24kV
Grounded Wye
Vector Group ………………………………….. 30° Angular Displacement
Impedance Voltage ……………………….. 8.0%
Insulation Withstand Rating
High Voltage BIL ……………. 350 kV
Secondary Voltage BIL ….. 75 kV
Frequency …………….………………………… 60 Hz
Short Circuit Apparent Power ……….. 9800 MVA
1.15 MERALCO STANDARD

Transformer Bank

The preferred transformer connection is DELTA Primary, WYE Secondary, the WYE
grounded DELTA connection is not allowed. The following shall be the minimum
Basic Impulse Level (BIL) of Transformer.

BASIC IMPULSE INSULATION LEVEL (BIL)

TRANSFORMER
13.8kV System 34.5kV System
1. Distribution Transformer
95 kV 150 kV
(3 - 500 kVA)
2. Padmounted Compartmental
95 kV 150 kV
Type Transformers.
3. Power Transformer (Above
500 kVA excluding Pad Mounted 110 kV 200 kV
and Dry-type Transformer)

The transformer should be provided with at least five (5) voltage taps at the high
voltage windings.
2.0 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Are mechanical switching devices designed to open and close a circuit under
normal
conditions and to open the circuit automatically on a pre-determined current
overload
without injury to itself when properly applied with its
rating.

2 Types of H.V. Circuit Breakers

- typical in accordance with their medium of interruption.

2.1.1 Air Blast Circuit Breaker

2.1.2 Oil Circuit Breaker
1) Minimum Oil
2) Bulk Oil
2.1.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
2.1.4 SF6 Circuit Breaker
(Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas)
2.1.5 Magnetic Air Circuit Breaker
2.2 Operating Mechanism
2.2.1 Closing
1) Solenoid (big battery needed)
- the breaker is closed by the electrical power of closing solenoid.

2) Pneumatic (compressed air)

- the breaker is closed by compressed air power of a closing air
cylinders.

3) Motor Operated Spring Charged (Vacuum)

- the breaker is closed by the stored energy.

4) Hydraulic
- the breaker is closed by energy pre-stored in a compressed and
completely confined gas and transmitted through the medium
of a liquid usually oil.

2 Tripping (Unlatching Action)

2.3.1 Series Coil (LV Molded CB)
2.3.2 Shunt Coil (HVCB)
- actuated by relays and usually applied to high and medium voltage
breakers.
 2.4 STANDARD RATINGS HV POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS

(Symmetrical Basis of Rating)

Rated Voltage Rated Current Related Required Capabilities

Max Range Continuous Short Circuit Interrupting Max. Closing & Latching
Current @ Max.
kV Factor Current @ 60Hz kV Time Symmetrical Capability
(rms) k (A) ( kA ) Cycles Interrupting ( kA )
A. Vacuum Distribution Breakers
15.5 1.0 600 12 3 12 20
800 16 3 16 26
1200 25 3 25 40
2000 20 3 20 32
3 Rating Structure of H.V. Circuit Breakers
2.5.1 Voltage Range Factor (k)
- defines the minimum and maximum voltage rating as well as the interrupting
rating of the circuit breaker.

A) Illustration:
Consider the 38 kV oil blasts circuit breaker as shown in the tabulation,

Max. kV 38

Min. kV 38
= 23 kV
1.65

Minimum Symmetrical
Interrupting Rating = 22 A
Maximum Symmetrical
Interrupting Rating = 1.65 x 22 (Table 2.4)
= 36 kA

B) Application:
Applying at 34.5 kV
Minimum Symmetrical
Interrupting Rating = 38 x 22 = 24 kA
34.5

Maximum Symmetrical
Interrupting Rating = 36 kA
3 Short Circuit Rating

2.6.1 First Duty Cycle

Momentary Rating ( Pre 1964 Rating )
Closing and latching capability (Post 1964 Rating)

First Duty Cycle = 1.6 (Symmetrical Fault Current)

Symmetrical Fault E
=
Current X

Breaker Speed M.F.

8 1.0
5 1.1 MCCB M.F. =
3 1.3 1.5
2 1.4
HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR COMPONENTS AND FUNCTION

2.7.1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Function:
To protect the system against line instantaneous and time overcurrent and time
ground overcurrent.

Principle of Operation:
The main contacts are housed within a vacuum in an insulating cylinder of glass and
ceramic having metal end plates supporting the contacts.

2.7.2 Load Break Switch (84 PI)

Function:
1. Used to protect step down transformer loads (34.5kV/4.16kV) against overcurrent
due to overload or short circuit.
2. Used to disconnect or isolate step down transformer load (34.5kV/4.16kV) from
high voltage source for maintenance purposes.

2.7.3 Disconnecting Switch (89R)

Function:
Is the line switch used to disconnect or isolate the high voltage from HV switching
station.
2.7.4 Lightning Arrester (LA)

Function:
Protects the switchgear against earth faults such as lightning and temporary over
voltage

Principle of Operation:
Under the influence of a surge voltage, an arrester momentarily connects the live
conductor to earth. The charge resulting from the voltage is thus discharged
harmlessly.

2.7.5 Voltage Detector (VD) with Resistor

Function:
It detects incoming power at the line side of disconnecting switch. It transform a
high voltage (34.5kV) to a value suitable for power indicating lamp.
2.7.6 Potential Transformer (PT)

Function:
Step down the high voltage source (34.5kV/110V) for metering purposes and sensor
of over-under voltage relay (25/59). They are provided with high voltage current
limiting fuse on the primary side for protection. It also provides control source to
the entire circuit.
2.7.7 Current Transformer (CT)

Function:
Steps down the high current (500:5A) for metering purposes and sensor of over
current relays (50/51/51N).
2.7.8 Under Voltage / Over Voltage Relay (27/59)

Function:
voltage phase loss (single phasing), phase reversal phase unbalance. Any of the
said abnormal power conditions will able the VCB (52M) to trip.

2.7.9 Instantaneous / Time Overcurrent Relay (50/51)

Function:
1. Used to monitor the system for overload and short circuit conditions that will
cause the VCB (52M) to trip.
2. Reduces the fault clearing time for high fault currents (instantaneous)
3. Used for accurate measurement of current and timing (time overcurrent)

2.7.10 Ground Current Overcurrent Relay (51N)

Function:
It is a time overcurrent relay used to protect the system from ground fault.
 RATED VOLTAGE AND INSULATION LEVELS FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE
METAL-ENCLOSED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES
VOLTAGE (rms kV) INSULATION (rms kV)
SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLY Maximum 60Hz, 1 min Basic Impulse
Nominated Rated Withstand Level (BIL)
Rated
  4.16 4.76 19 60
  7.20 8.25 36 95
  13.8 15.0 36 95
  34.5 38.0 80 150
Metal-Enclosed 4.16 4.76 19 60
Interrupter 7.20 8.25 26 75
  13.8 15.0 36 95
  14.4 15.5 50 110
  23.0 25.8 60 125
  34.5 38.0 80 150
Station-Type 14.4 15.5 50 110
Cubicle 34.5 38.0 80 150
  69.0 72.5 160 250
2.8 MERALCO STANDARD SPECIFICATION

PRIMARY POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER OR EQUIVALENT

The power circuit or equivalent (e.g. vacuum fault interrupter with a gang operated load break switch
is a padmounted switchgear) shall be three pole with the following minimum specifications;

System Maximum Continuous Interrupting

Frequency Interrupting
Nominal Voltage Current Time Rating
Rating Capacity
Voltage Rating Rating (Maximum)

13.8kV 15kV 60Hz as required 500 MVA 5 cycles

34.6kV 38kV 60Hz as required 1000 MVA 5 cycles

The circuit breaker shall be equipped with phase and ground overcurrent relays, the setting of which
shall be done by MERALCO.

The circuit breaker shall be so set as a non-reclosing device. The circuit breaker be provided with a
complete control mechanism that would enable it to trip and close even when there is no power at
the company's distribution system.
High Voltage Air Switches

3 Types and Definitions:

3.1.1 Air Switch
- a switching device designed to close and open one or more electric
circuits by means of guided separable contacts that separate in air.

3.1.2 Diconnecting (Isolating) Switch

- a mechanical switching device used for changing the connections in
circuit or for isolating a circuit or equipment from the source of power.
A disconnecting switch is required to carry normal load current
continuously, and also abnormal or short intervals as specified.
It is also required to open or close circuits either when no significant
charge in the voltage across the terminals of each of the switch poles
occurs.

3.1.3 Grounding Switch

- a mechanical switching device by means of which a circuit or piece
of apparatus maybe electrically connected to ground.

3.1.4 Interrupter Switch

- an air switch, equipped with an interrupter for making or breaking
specified currents.
3 Illustration:
3.2.1 Disconnect Switch (Isolator)

3.2.2 Grounding Switch

Rating Structure of Disconnected Switch

3.3.1 Rated (Normal Voltage)

13.8 kV
34.5 kV
69.0 kV

3.3.2 Rated Maximum Voltage

14.4 kV
38.0 kV
72.0 kV

3.3.3 Rated Frequency

60 Hz
50 Hz

3.3.4 Rated continuous current.

3.3.5 Rated short time rating (momentary rating)
3.3.6 Rated withstand voltage (BIL)
3 Typical Rating of Disconnecting Switch

VOLTAGE RATING (kV) CURRENT RATING (A)

Nominal Max BIL Continuous Momentary

72.0 8.3 95 600 40000
1200 61000
2000 80000
3000 120000
4000 120000
14.4 16 110 600 40000
1200 61000
2000 80000
3000 120000
4000 120000
23.0 26 150 600 40000
1200 61000
2000 80000
3000 120000
4000 120000
34.5 38 200 600 40000
1200 61000
2000 80000
3000 120000
4000 120000
69.5 73 350 600 40000
1200 61000
2000 80000
3000 120000
4000 120000
*Continuation of Table 3.4

115.0 121 550 600 40000

1200 61000
1600 70000
2000 100000

138.0 145 650 600 40000

1200 61000
2000 70000
4000 100000
Current Transformers
A current transformer transform line current into values suitable for the
devices such as ammeter, protective relays, wattmeters, etc., and insulate
the device form line voltages.

Illustration:

A W PF WH
 CT Ratings of the Multi-Ratio Type

Current Ratings (A) Secondary Taps Current Rating (A) Secondary Taps
600 : 5 3000 : 5
50 : 5 X2 - X 3 300 : 5 X2 - X3
100 : 5 X1 - X2 500 : 5 X1 - X2
150 : 5 X1 - X3 800 : 5 X1 - X3
200 : 5 X4 - X5 1000 : 5 X4 - X5
250 : 5 X3 - X4 1200 : 5 X3 - X4
300 : 5 X2 - X4 1500 : 5 X2 - X4
400 : 5 X1 - X4 2000 : 5 X1 - X4
450 : 5 X3 - X5 2200 : 5 X3 - X5
500 : 5 X2 - X5 2500 : 5 X2 - X5
600 : 5 X1 - X5 3000 : 5 X1 - X5
1200 : 5 2000 : 5
100 : 5 X2 - X3 300 : 5 X3 - X4
200 : 5 X1 - X2 400 : 5 X1 - X2
300 : 5 X1 - X3 500 : 5 X1 - X2
400 : 5 X4 - X5 800 : 5 X2 - X3
500 : 5 X3 - X4 1200 : 5 X1 - X3
600 : 5 X2 - X4 1500 : 5 X1 - X4
900 : 5 X3 - X5 1500 : 5 X2 - X5
4 Standard
1200 :5 Current Rating
X1 - X5 Secondary 2000 : 5 X1 - X5
=5A
Current Transformer Ratio
Rated Primary Amperes
=
5 Amperes
4 Types of CT Construction

4.2.1 Wound Primary Type - has more than one turn.

4.2.2 Through or Bar Type - this type has the primary and secondary
windings completely insulated and permanently assembled iron
core. The primary windings usually consists of a bar type conductor
passing through the core window.

4.2.3 Window or Bushing Type - this type has a secondary winding

completely insulated and permanently assembled on an iron
core. The primary conductor passes through the core window
and serves as the primary winding.

X1
X2
X3
X4
4 Connections
There are three ways that the current transformers are usually
connected on three phase circuits namely:

4.3.1 Wye Connection

In wye connected current transformers, the secondary currents
are in phase with the primary current.

Ip
Is =
CTR
4.3.2 Delta Connection
The delta connection is used for power transformer differential
relay schemes. The summary of the associated CT connections
for transformer differential relaying is given as follows:

Power Transformer Connection

Delta - Wye Wye - Delta

Wye - Delta Delta - Wye
Delta - Delta Wye - Wye
Wye - Wye Delta - Delta
5.0 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
ANSI/IEEE 057.13-1978 defined voltage transformer as an instrument transformer intended to have its primary
winding connected in shunt with a power circuit supply. Lower the H.V. to a low value 120V so as to standardize
all potential coil of all meters, relays and instruments.
Illustration:

V W FM WH

13.8 kV
13800 / 120V

5 Standard Rating of Voltage Transformer

Rated Primary Voltage for Marked Secondary

rated voltage line to line *Ratio Voltage (V)

2400 for 2400Y 20 : 1 120

4800 for 4800Y 40 : 1 120
7200 for 60 : 1 120
12000 for 100 : 1 120
14000 for 120 : 1 120
24600 for 200 : 1 120
34500 for 300 : 1 115
46600 for 400 : 1 115
64000 for 600 : 1 115
*RATIO
a) For primary voltage up to 2400V standard secondary rating - 120V
b) For primary voltage above 2400V standard secondary rating - 115V
6.0 SURGE ARRESTER
Surge Arrester is a protective device for limiting surge voltages on equipment
by discharging or bypassing surge currents; it prevents continued flow of follow
current to ground and is capable of repeating these function as specified.

6.1 Classification
a) Station Type (transmission)
b) Intermediate Type Arrester
c) Distribution Type (distribution, pole type)

6.2 Standard Voltage Rating

The voltage rating of the surge arrester is the maximum permissible voltage
applied across its terminal in which it can perform its designed duty cycle.

6.3 Protective Characteristics

a) Spark Over Voltage (chopped wave)
b) Discharge Voltage (full wave)
6.4 Insulation Coordination
The process of determining the lowest cost insulation level that can be protected
safely by the arrester is usually reffered to as the insulation coordination.

Lightning Strike
- direct strike
- induce strike (via travelling wave)
6.5 Protective Margin
% Protective Margin = Insulation

= Insulation withstand - Protective Level X 100%

Protective Level

Protective Margin 20%

6.6 Illustration:
The insulation withstand of a 34.5 kV power transformer are:

BIL = 200 kV, chopped wave = 230 kV

Two arrester characteristics are available namely:

ARRESTER A ARRESTER B

Voltage Rating ……… 30 kV 30 kV

Spark Over ………..… 195 kV 120 kV
Discharge Voltage.. 170 kV 95 kV
& 10 kA

Select the arrester that provides the best/adequate protection.

 ARRESTER A ARRESTER B

a) Spark % P.M. = 230 - 195 X 100 % = 230 - 120 X 100 %

195 120
= 18% (inadequate) = 92%

b) Discharge % P.M. = 200 - 170 X 100 % = 200 - 95 X 100 %

170 95
= 18% (inadequate) = 111%

c) Selection of Arrester Rating

maximum line to ground voltage
of the unfaulted phase
Coefficient (n) of grounding =
maximum line to line voltage
with the faults removed
Minimum permissible arrester rating = (coefficient of grounding) X (line to neutral voltage)
For 1)H.V. Transmission System
Typical coefficient of grounding …………….. 70%
Minimum Arrester Rating …………….……….… 1.25 X L-N voltage

2)Multigrounded Distribution System

Typical coefficient of grounding …………….. 67%
Minimum Arrester Rating …………….……….… 1.25 X L-N voltage

3)Delta System
Minimum Arrester Rating …………….……….… L-L voltage

4)Space Cable Circuit

Minimum Arrester Rating …………….……….… 1.5 X L-N voltage
7 *Preferred Ratings of Arrester in kV rms

Distribution Type Arrester Intermediate Type Arrester

1 10 21 3 21 48
3 12 25
6 24 60
6 15 27
9 18 30 9 30 72
12 36 90
Station Type Arrester 15 39 96

3 48 192 468
6 60 240 492
9 72 258 540
12 90 276 576
15 96 294 612
21 108 312 648
24 120 372 684
30 144 376 720
36 168 420
39 180 444
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
- are applied to detect defective lines apparatus or other dangerous or into lerable
operating conditions. They can initiate or permit switching or provide alarms. The
instrument transformer as the sensor relays as initiator and CB for isolation.

7 Basic Types of Protective Relays

7.1.1 Electromagnetic

a)Plunger Construction - this type consist of a bar or cylinder armature which is

attracted axially into a solenoid coil. The armature carries with it the movable
contact which meets the fixed contact when the armature is picked up.

SOLENOID COIL

FIXED
CONTACT

ARMATURE

MOVING
CONTACT

b)Hinged Armature Construction - consist of a flat plate or bar type of armature

PLUNGER CONSTRUCTION
which pivots at a fixed point when attracted to the pole face with an electro-magnet.
c)Induction Disk Construction Relay - consist of a metallic disk which rotates
between the pole faces of an electromagnet.

1. Shaded pole induction disk

2. Wattmetric induction disk

d)Induction Cup Construction

FIXED
CONTACT

MOVING
CONTACT
ELECTROMAGNET

ARMATURE

HINGED POINT

HINGED ARMATURE CONSTRUCTION

7.1.2 Static

a)Overcurrent Relays
1. Time overcurrent relays (for motor application, overload relay)
(51) device function number

2. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays

(51) device function number

b)Overcurrent Relay Characteristics

1. Instantaneous Characteristics
The instantaneous overcurrent characteristic can be provided by
either the plunger type, the hinged type or the induction-cup
type of operating elements.

2. Time Delay Characteristics

The induction disk operating elements is used when it is necessary
to have more time delay in closing the contacts for purposes of
coordination with other protective devices.

i.Inverse (upon system generation)

ii.Very inverse (away to the system generation)
iii.Extremely inverse (protection of utility type distribution feeder
circuits that primarily used fuses)
c)Typical Current Ratings
1. Time overcurrent units

Unit Range Taps

0.5 -
4A 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4

1.5 -
12A 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12

2 - 16A 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 16

2. Instantaneous Units (Short Circuit Current)

Unit Range
0.5 - 4
2 - 16
10 - 8°
20 - 16°
 d)Illustration INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY

50
No. 4/0 AWG
[Copper Conductor
TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY Ampacity = 480A]

UNIT RANGE
51
2 - 16A

Condition: Feeder is not allowed to be overloaded.

Find the required relay tap.

480
Relay Current = = 4A
600/5 (CTR)
7 Determination of Current Tap Setting
min. Pu trooping current
Current Tap Setting =
CT Ratio
7.2.1 For wye connected CT's

Ip
* Ip
TAP CURRENT =
CT (Ratio)

(* Relay Current)

TAP CURRENT OF WYE CONNECTED CT's

7.2.2 For delta connected CT's

Ip TAP CURRENT =
* 3I
p
CT (Ratio)

(* Relay Current)
HV FUSES
These are fuses whose classifications includes the medium voltage range and rated
from 2.3 to 161 kV.

8 Types
8.1.1 Distribution Fuse Cut-out
(cross mounted, pole mounted application)
8.1.2 Power Fuse
(applicable to station and substation structure)

8 Rated Continous Current

8.2.1 Fuse units, Refill units, Fuse links

1 7 30 100 300
1 10 40 125 400
2 15 50 150
3 20 65 200
5 25 80 250

8.2.2 Fuse support, Fuse disconnecting switches

10 200
25 300
## 400
Rated Nominal and Maximum Voltages

Rated Nominal Rated Maximum

Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV)

2.4 2.75
4.8 5.5
7.2 8.25
13.8 15.0
14.4 15.5
23.0 25.0
34.8 38.0
46.0 48.3
69.0 72.5
92.0
115.0 121.0
138.0 145.0
161.0 169.0

Basic Types of Power Fuses

8.3.1 Expulsion Type (Double vent, single vent)

(Permit high current)
* RATED SYMMETRICAL INTERRUPTING CURRENT (POWER FUSE)
Nominal / Maximum Rated Interrupting kA (rms)
Voltage (kV) (Symmetrical) Asymmetrical

2.4 / 2.75 31.5 50

40 63
50 80
63 100
4.8 / 5.5 31.5 50
40 63
7.2 / 8.25 4 6.3
6.3 10
29 40
31.5 50
40 63
50 80
14.4 / 15 4 6.3
6 10
10 16
12.5 20
20 31.5
31.5 40
40 50
63 63
80 100
23.0 / 25.0 4 6.3
6.3 10
10 16
12.5 20
16 25
20 31.5
25 40
40 63
50 80
34.5 / 38 5 8
6.3 10
8 12.5
10 16
12.5 20
69 / 72.5 2.1 4
5 8
6.3 10
8 12.5
10 16.2
Nominal / Maximum Rated Interrupting kA (rms)
Voltage (kV) (Symmetrical) Asymmetrical

115 / 121 1.25 2

1.5 4
5 8
8 12.5
138 / 145 1.25 2
2.5 4
4 6.3
6.3 10
5 8
2 3.15
8.3.2 Current Limiting Fuse
The fault current is limited to a value much less than the available system
fault current.

QUARTZ SAND

FINE WIRES

( CURRENT RESPONSIVE ELEMENT )

Maximum Permissible Over Voltages for

Current Limiting Power Fuses
Nominal System Rated Maximum Maximum Pock
Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV) Over Voltages (kV)

2.4 2.75 9
4.8 6.5 17
7.2 8.25 25
13.8 15.0 45
14.4 15.5 45
23.0 25.8 75
34.5 38.0 109

Types of Current Limiting Fuse

i.Rated minimum interrupting current (ANSI C37.40)

(designated by the manufacturer)

ii.Maximum permissible over voltage (ANSI C37.40)

(1/2 cycle)
Rated Voltages and Insulation Levels for AC Switchgear Assemblies

Rated Voltages (rms) kV Insulation Level (kV)

Rated Max. Power Freq. Impulse

Rated Nominal Voltage Voltage Withstand Withstand

a) Metal enclosed LV Power Switchgear

0.24 0.25 2.2 --------------
0.48 0.50 2.2 --------------
0.60 0.63 2.2 --------------

b) Metal Clad
Switchgear
4.16 4.76 19 60
7.2 8.25 36 95
13.8 15.0 36 95
34.5 38.0 80 150

c) Metal enclosed interrupting switchgear

4.16 4.76 19 60
7.2 8.25 26 75
13.8 15.0 36 95
14.4 15.5 50 110
23.0 25.8 60 125
34.5 38.0 80 150
 Switchgear Device Function Number

21 ………...…………………………………………. Distance Relay

27 ………...…………………………………………. Undervoltage Relay
32 ………...…………………………………………. Power Directional Relay
50 ………...…………………………………………. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51 ………...…………………………………………. Time Overcurrent Relay
52 ………...…………………………………………. AC Circuit Breaker
59 ………...…………………………………………. Overvoltage Relay
87 ………...…………………………………………. Differential Relay
9.0 POWER SWITCHGEARS
Switchgear - is a general term covering an assembly consisting of switching or
interrupting devices alone or in combination with another association control
devices, metering, protective and regulating equipment.

Power Switchgear are principally used to terminate the incoming line service and
to protect and control centers, panelboards and others.

9.1 Classifications
9.1.1 Open Switchgear - no enclosure as part of the supporting structure.

9.1.2 Enclosed Switchgear - one which generally consist of metal enclosed

supporting structure with the assembly enclosed on the top and all the
sides with sheet metal. Internal access is provided by doors or removable
panels.
9.2 Types of Metal-enclosed Power Switchgear

9.2.1 Metal-enclosed HV power interrupter switchgear.

a.Basic Components
a.1Interrupter switches or load break switches.
a.2Power Fuses
a.3Buses and metering
a.4Protective Relays and Auxilliaries
b.Standard Voltage Ratings
b.14.16 kV
b.213.8 kV
b.323 kV
b.4345 kV

c.Standard Current Rating

c.1600A
c.21200 A

d.Function of Components
d.1Interrupter Switches - combined the function of disconnect switch
and a circuit interrupter for interrupting at rated voltage current not
exceeding its continous current rating.
d.2Power Fuses - provide the necessary overcurrent protection.
d.3Buses - should be properly braced to withstand the electromagnetic
forces generated by the flow of a circuit current.
9.2.2 Metal-clad HV Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear
1.Major Components
a.Power Circuit Breaker
b.Buses
c.Voltage and Current Transformer
d.Metering
e.Protective Devices
2.Voltage Rating Range
a.4.16 kV
b.13.8 kV
c.23 kV
d.34.5 kV
3.Continous Current Ratings
a.1200 A
b.2000 A
c.3000 A

9.2.3 Metal-enclosed Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Switchgear

a.Basic Components
a.11000 V and below power circuit breakers (draw-out type)
a.2Barebus and connections
a.3Instrument and control devices
a.4Meters and protective relays
a.5Control wiring and its auxilliaries
a.6Power cables and terminations