Irrigation Engineering

CE408 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
TOPICS: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

WEEK: 2
LECTURE: 2
LEVEL: 8 T H SEMESTER
PREREQUISITES: NONE

COURSE TEACHER: ENGR. KHURAM SALEEM ( khurram
.civil@suit.edu.pk)
ACCESS AT: portal.suit.edu.pk
Civil Engineering Department, SUIT Peshawar
KHURAM SALEEM 1
Rabi and Kharif Crops
Rabi Crop:
1st Oct – 31st March
Wheat, Barley, Gram, linseed, Mustard, Potatoes
Kharif Crop:
1st April – 30th Sep
Rice, Bajra, Jowar, Maize, Cotton, Tobacco, Ground nut
KHURAM SALEEM 2
Cash Crops
Kor watering:
The watering given to a crop when the crop is few cm high.
Cash Crops:
crops that cant be consumed directly. It has to be processed first,
Jute, tea, cotton, tobacco, sugarcane
KHURAM SALEEM 3
Crop Rotation
Crop Rotation:
When the same crop is sown again and again, the fertility of the soil
is affected because it (soil) become deficient in plant food. Besides,
insects are also on increase in such a land.
Land should be given rest either by keeping it without crops for some
time so that the soil regain its original structure and minerals.
Another way to recharge the soil is to grow crops different from the
previous crop. Crops that do not require salts from the soil that were
consumed by the previous crop.
KHURAM SALEEM 4
Crop rotation
Gram
Wheat – Juar – Gram Juar
Rice – Gram
Cotton – Wheat – Gram
Cotton – Juar – Gram
Cotton
Sugarcane – Thadwa – Wheat – Fallow Wheat
Thadwa
Rice
Sugarcane
KHURAM SALEEM 5
Optimum Utilization of Irrigation Water
Crop yield varies with water amount. The yield normally increases with water
and then reach a certain maximum value but then it falls.
The quantity of water at which the yield is maximum is called optimum water
depth.
Max yield
Yield
Optimum
Water depth Water Depth
KHURAM SALEEM 6
Irrigation Efficiencies
Irrigation efficiency is the ratio of water output to the water input. It is
expressed in %. It gives us any idea of losses whether they are transit losses,
farming efficiency losses or storage capacity losses.
KHURAM SALEEM 7
Water Conveyance Efficiency:
it is the ratio of water delivered to the field at the outlet
of the channel to the water entering the channel at the start point of the
channel. Ƞc is its symbol.
Ƞc = water delivered to the field

water entering the channel at the start point
KHURAM SALEEM 8
Water Application Efficiency:
it is the ratio of quantity of water stored in the root
zone of the crops to the quantity of water delivered to the field. Ƞa is the symbol.
Ƞa = water stored in the root zone of a crop

water delivered to the field containing that crop
KHURAM SALEEM 9
Water Storage Efficiency:
ratio of water stored in the root zone to the amount of
water required in the root zone. Ƞs is its symbol.
Ƞs = water stored in the root zone

water required in the root zone
KHURAM SALEEM 10
Question
One cumec of water is pumped into a farm distribution system. 0.8 cumec is
delivered to an outlet (into the field) 0.9 km away from the well. Compute the
conveyance efficiency?
Solution:
Ƞc = water delivered to the field
water entering the channel at the start
1 cumec 0.8 cumec
Well = 0.8 = 0.8 = 80%
Field 1.0
0.9 km
KHURAM SALEEM 11
Question
10 cumecs of water is delivered to a 32 ha field for 4 hours. Soil probing after the
irrigation indicates that 0.3 m of water has been stored in the root zone.
Compute the water application efficiency?
Solution:
Area = 32 ha
10 cumecs
Duration of irrigation = 4 hrs

0.3 m water stored in root zone
KHURAM SALEEM 12
Ƞa = water stored in the root zone of a crop
water delivered to the field containing that crop
Ƞa = depth of water stored in the root zone x area of field
discharge x duration
Ƞa = 0.3m x 32 ha = 0.3 m x 32 x 10⁴ m² = 96000 m³ = 0.66 = 66%
10 m³/s x 4 hrs 10 m³/s x 4 x 60 x60 sec 144000 m³
KHURAM SALEEM 13
Question
A stream of 130 L/s was diverted from a canal and a 100 L/s were delivered to
the field. An area of 1.6 ha was irrigated in 8 hrs. The effective depth of root zone
was 1.7 m. Runoff loss in the field was 420 m³. Available water holding capacity
of the soil is 20 cm / m of soil. If the irrigation was started at 50 % available
moisture in the root zone, find Ƞc, Ƞa and Ƞs ?
Solution:
Canal
130 L/s Duration of irrigation = 8 hrs

Area = 1.6 ha
Runoff loss = 420 m³
100 L/s
1.7 m depth of root zone
(50 % moisture present
even before irrigation)
KHURAM SALEEM 14
Ƞc = water delivered to the field = 100 = 0.76 = 76 %
water diverted at the start 130
Ƞa = water stored in the root zone = water delivered to the field – runoff losses
water delivered to the field water delivered to the field
= 100 L/s x 8 hrs - 420 m³
100 L/s x 8 hrs
KHURAM SALEEM 15
Ƞa = 100 x 10ˉ³ m³/s x 8 x 60 x 60 sec – 420 m³ = (2880 – 420)m³ = 2460 =
0.85
100 x 10ˉ³ m³/s x 8 x 60 x 60 sec 2880 m³ 2880
Ƞa = 85%
Ƞs = water stored in the root zone = water delivered to field – surface runoff
water required in the root zone water required in the root zone
KHURAM SALEEM 16
Water required in the root zone = (water holding capacity of soil x depth of root
zone) 50 % depreciation applied x area of the plot
= [( 20 cm/m of soil x 1.7 m ) – (20 cm/m of soil x 1.7 m) 50% ] x 1.6 ha
= [34 cm – 17cm ] x 1.6 x 10⁴ m²
Ƞs = 100 L/s x 8 hrs – 420 m³ = 100 x 10ˉ³ m³/s x 8 x60 x60 sec – 420 m³ = 0.9
17 x 10ˉ² m x 1.6 x 10⁴ m² 2720 m³
KHURAM SALEEM 17
The end
KHURAM SALEEM 18

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CE408 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

TOPICS: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

Ƞc = water delivered to the field

Ƞa = water stored in the root zone of a crop

Ƞs = water stored in the root zone

Duration of irrigation = 4 hrs

130 L/s Duration of irrigation = 8 hrs

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