CHAPTER 10:

PAINTS AND VARNISHES

OBJECTIVES:
 Identify the different types of paints
being marketed and their respective
suitability to various situations.
 Select suitable paint for a particular job.
 Analyze the cause of the defects in
painting and to suggests the preventive
remedial measures.
PAINT
Paint is commonly referred to as a
“Surface Coating”. It is defined as
“a coating applied to a surface or to
perform some other specialized
functions.
HISTORY
In 1886, Sherwin-Williams in the United States
opened as a large paint-maker and invented at that
could be used from the tin without preparation.

It was not until the stimulus of World War II

created a shortage of linseed oil in the supply
market that artificial resins, or alkyds, were
invented. Cheap and easy to make, they also held
the color well and lasted for a long time.
Main Constituents of Paint
 Vehicle
 Solvent
 Pigment
 Additives
Main Constituents of Paint

Vehicle
- is that substance in the paint that gives
a continuity film and provides adhesion to
the surface or subtrate. It is called vehicle
because it carries the ingredients to the
subtrate and remain on the surface after
the paint has dried.
Main Constituents of Paint

Components of Paint Vehicle

 Solid Thermoplastic Film Formers
 Lacquer Type Film Formers
 Room Temperature Catalyzed Film
Formers
 Head-Cured Film Formers
 Oxidizing Film Formers
 Emulsion-Type Film Formers
Main Constituents of Paint

Solvent
- are low viscosity volatile liquid used in
coating to improve application properties.

Pigment
- are solid grains or particles of uniform
and controlled sizes which are generally
insoluble in the vehicle of the coating.
Main Constituents of Paint

Additives
- are ingredients formulated in the paint to
modify the properties of either vehicle or the
pigmentation or both. The give the wet or dry
paint film properties. Which are not present
in the vehicle and pigmentation system.
Additives improve a certain properties of
vehicles such as speed drying, pigment
resistance to fading or the entire paint for
ease of application.
Materials used in paints
Paint Brushes
Materials used in paints
Paint Rollers
Materials used in paints
Paint Mixer
Materials used in paints
Putty Knife
Materials used in paints
Paint Tray
Materials used in paints
Tape
Materials used in paints
Ladder
TYPES OF PAINT

 OIL PAINTS  BITUMINOUS

 ENAMEL PAINTS PAINTS
 EMULSION PAINTS  SYNTHETIC
 CEMENT PAINTS RUBBER PAINTS
 ALUMINUM PAINTS
 ANTI-CORROSIVE
PAINTS
OIL PAINTS
 These paints are
applied in three coats-
primer, undercoat and
finishing coat. The
presence of dampness
while applying the
primer adversely affect
the life of oil paint. This
paint is cheap and easy
to apply. 
ENAMEL PAINTS
 It contains white lead, oil, petroleum spirit
and resinous material. The surface
provided by it resists acids, alkalies and
water very well. It is desirable to apply a
coat of titanium white before the coat of
enamel is applied. It can be used both for
external and internal walls. 
EMULSION PAINT
 It contains binding
materials such as
polyvinyl acetate,
synthetic resins etc. It
dries in 1 1 2 2 hours and
it is easy to apply. It is
more durable and can be
cleaned with water. For
plastered surfaces, first a
coat of cement paint
should be applied and
then the emulsion point.
Emulsion paint needs
sound surfaces.
CEMENT PAINT
 It is available in powder form. It consists of white cement,
pigment and other additives. It is durable and exhibits excellent
decorative appearance. It should be applied on rough surfaces
rather than on smooth surfaces. It is applied in two coats. First
coat is applied on wet surface but free from excess water and
allowed to dry for 24 hours. The second coat is then applied
which gives good appearance.
BITUMINOUS CEMENT
 This type of paint is manufactured by
dissolving asphalt or vegetable bitumen
in oil or petroleum. It is black in colour. It
is used for painting iron works
underwater.
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
PAINT
 This paint is prepared from resins. It
dries quickly and is little affected by
weather and sunlight. It resists chemical
attack well. This paint may be applied
even on fresh concrete. Its cost is
moderate and it can be applied easily.
ALUMINUM PAINT
 It contains finely ground
aluminium in spirit or oil
varnish. It is visible in
darkness also. The
surfaces of iron and steel
are protected well with
this paint. It is widely used
for painting gas tanks,
water pipes and oil tanks.
ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINT
 It consists essentially of oil, a strong dier, lead or
zinc chrome and finely ground sand. It is cheap
and resists corrosion well. It is black in colour.
Application of Paint Preparation of surface for
application of paint is the most important part in
painting. The surface to be painted should not be
oily and it should be from flakes of the old paint.
Cracks in the surface should be filled with putty and
then with sand paper. Then primer is applied.
Painting work should be carried out in dry weather.
The under coats and first coats must be allowed to
dry before final coat is applied.
Outline of Paint Manufacture
 Raw Material
 Mixing
 Milling
 Blending
 Filtering
 Packing
PAINT SPECIFICATIONS
A. General
 Surface Examination
 Preperations
 Interior Wood Work
 Plaster or Masonry
 Metals
 Concrete and Brick Surface
PAINT SPECIFICATIONS

B. Cleaning Method
 Sand Blasting
 Wire-brushing and Scraping
 Power Tools
 Water Blasting
PAINT SPECIFICATIONS

C. Chemical Methods
 Acid Etching
 Paint Remover
 Steam Cleaning
 Alkali Cleaning
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
PAINT

 Adhesion
 Ease of Application
 Film Integrity
 Consistent Quality
 Specific Properties
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
PAINT
1.) Adhesion
-coating must stick to the surface to
bring other properties into work

2.) Ease of Application

-paint must be easily applied in
accordance with the methods are
prescribed by the manufacturer.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD PAINT

3.)Film Integrity
-The cured or dried film of paint must have it
all the film properties as claimed by the
manufacturer. There should be no weak spots
in the film caused by imperfect film drying or
curing.
4.) Consistent Quality
-Paint must be consistent in quality such as
colors,viscosity,application and durability from
can to can, batch by batch and shipment to
shipment
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD PAINT

5.) Specific Properties

 Kitchen Enamel. Enamel paint must resist
grease, heat,and repeated cleaning
 Latex Paint must resist water,alkali and
sunlight and must allow passage of water
vapor.
 Swimming Pool Pain. Must have specific
chlorine,water and sunlight resistance
 Exterior Commercial Aircraft Finishes must
resist ultra violet degredation, erosion by air
loss of adhesion at high speed, etc.
Preparation of Paints
 Prep your walls. • ...
 Mask the room with painter's tape. Tip: There
are different adhesion levels for painter's
tape. ...
 Spread drop cloths and move furniture. ...
 Cut in the room with primer. ...
 Prime your walls. ...
 Sand and clean to prepare for painting. ...
 Paint the walls. ...
 Remove painter's tape.
Defects in paint
1. Blistering
2. Chalking
3. Flaking
4. Fading
5. Cracking and Alligatoring
6. Peeling or Cracking
7. Bleeding
8. Mildew
9. Staining
10. Checking and Flaking
Blistering
Chalking
Flaking
Fading
Cracking and Alligatoring
Peeling
Bleeding
Mildew
Staining
Checking and Flaking
VARNISH
is a transparent,
hard, protective
finish. After being
applied, the
ingredients in
varnishes either
harden either
through evaporation
or through chemical
change.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF VARNISH
 Spar Varnish
 Polyurethane
 Shellac
 Lacquer
 Acrylic
SPAR VARNISH

 Spar varnish (also

called marine
varnish) is high
quality, waterproof,
and sunlight-
resistant varnish
named for its use on
ship or boat spars
and other woodwork
where a glossy
finish is desired.
Polyurethane

typically hard and

durable coatings.
They are popular for
hardwood floors but
are considered by
some to be difficult or
unsuitable for
finishing furniture or
other detailed pieces.
Shellac
is a very widely used resin
varnish that is alcohol soluble.
The source of shellac resin is a
brittle or flaky secretion of the
female lac insect, Kerria lacca,
found in the forests of Assam
and Thailand and harvested
from the bark of the trees where
she deposits it to provide a
sticky hold on the trunk. Shellac
is the basis of French polish,
which for centuries has been the
preferred finish for fine furniture.
LACQUER
 The word lacquer refers
to quick-drying, solvent-
based varnishes or
paints. Although their
names may be similarly
derived, lacquer is not
the same as shellac and
is not dissolved in
alcohol. Lacquer is
dissolved in lacquer
thinner, which is a
highly-flammable
solvent.
ACRYLIC

 are typically water-based

with the highest degree of
clarity of all finishes. They
show little or no color.
Acrylics have the
advantage of water clean-
up and lack of solvent
fumes, but typically do
not penetrate into wood
as well as oils. They
sometimes lack the
brushability and self-
leveling qualities of
solvent-based varnishes.
Generally they have good
UV-resistance.
POLISHES
 is to shine; to make a surface very
smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or
grinding
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD VARNISH

 It should give glossy surface.

 Should be durable.
 It should dry rapidly after application.
 It should not develop cracks after drying.
 It is commonly used on wooden surfaces.
 Colour of varnish should not fade away
with time.
 It should not hide the natural grain of inner
surface of timber.
Constituents of Varnish
 A varnish has usually three elements :
(i) Resins or resinous material
(ii) Driers
(iii) Solvents
RESINS
 Quality of varnish depends much upon
the quality of resin used. Copal, lac,
amber and rosin are the commonly used
resins for varnishes. Copal is
considered to be best.
DRIERS
 are used to accelerate the process of
drying of the varnish. Litharge,
lead, acetate, and white copper are the
various types of driers, out of which
litharge is mostly used.
SOLVENTS
 A liquid thinner is added to the prepared
paints to increase their fluidity to
the desired consistency so as to make
them work more smoothly and also to
help penetration of porous surfaces.