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    Chem 2 - Solution

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    Mherwin Retanal

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    Chem 2 - Solution

    Uploaded by

    Mherwin Retanal
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    Chem 2 - Solution.pptx

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    208 views21 pages

    Chem 2 - Solution

    Uploaded by

    Mherwin Retanal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Solutions and Solubility

    The solubility (S) of a solute is the maximum amount


    that dissolves in a fixed quantity of solvent at a given
    temperature.

    Substances that exhibit similar types of intermolecular


    force dissolve in each other.

    This is often expressed by saying “like dissolves in like.”


    saturated solution

    unsaturated solution

    supersaturated solution
    Factors that affect Solubility

    Temperature affects solubility.

    Most solids are more soluble at higher


    temperatures.

    Gases become less soluble as temperature


    increases.
    Solid solubility and temperature

    solubility decreases
    increases with
    with
    increasing temperature

    12.4
    Solubility of gases with temperature
    Pressure and Solubility of
    Gases
    Pressure affects the solubility of gases – they become
    more soluble at higher pressure.
    Solubility and Gas Pressure
    Gas Solubility
    • Henry’s Law

    S1 S2
    =
    P1 P2
    • S = solubility
    • P = Pressure
    Factor Affecting Solid in a Liquid Gas in a Liquid
    Solubility
    Temperature As temperature As temperature
    increases, solubility increases,
    increases solubility
    decreases

    Pressure No effect As pressure


    increases, solubility
    increases
    Problems on conceptual understanding :
    a. One manufacturer’s instructions for setting up an aquarium specify that if
    boiled water is used, the water must be cooled to room temperature and
    allowed to stand overnight before fish are added. Why is it necessary for the
    water to stand for such period of time?

    b. Danielle has always wanted to start her own carbonated company. Just
    recently she opened her bottling company to produce her drinks. She wants
    her product to “out-fizz” all other competitors. She wants to maximize the
    solubility of the gas in her drink. What conditions would best allow her to
    achieve her goal to put her company on top?

    c. CJ is trying to increase the solubility of salt in some water. He begins to


    anxiously stir the mixture. Should he continue stirring? Why?
    d. Using the figure below, compare the solubilities of potassium
    nitrate and cesium sulfate
    Colligative Properties of Solutions
    Colligative properties are properties that depend on the
    number of solute particles, not their chemical identity.

    (Latin, coligare – which means “tied together”)

    Vapor pressure is lower


    Boiling point is elevated
    Freezing point is lower
    Osmosis
    Vapor Pressure Lowering

    The vapor pressure of a solution containing a


    nonvolatile substance is always lower than the
    vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
    Effect of solute on the vapor pressure of solution.

    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

    Equilibrium is reached with a Equilibrium is reached with


    given number of particles in the fewer particles in the vapor.
    vapor.
    Boiling Point Elevation

    A solution always boils at a higher temperature


    than the pure solvent.

    Freezing Point Depression

    A solution always freezes at a lower


    temperature than the pure solvent.
    Boiling and freezing points of solvent and solution.
    Osmotic Pressure
    Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles from a
    region of higher to a region of lower concentration through a
    semipermeable membrane.

    Solvent will always flow from a more dilute solution to a


    more concentrated one.

    Osmotic pressure is the pressure that must be applied to


    prevent the net flow of solvent.

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