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Optical Networks: A.Siva Rama Krishna

Optical networks use fiber optic cables to transmit communication signals over long distances using light. Fiber is made of glass or plastic and guides light through the core. Optical networks can handle high data traffic and reduce transmission costs. Applications include telecom, broadband, computing and more. Advantages include low loss, interference immunity, security, and suitability for digital signals. Challenges include effects of dispersion at high bit rates and maintenance complexity.

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Siva Rama Krishna
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35 views

Optical Networks: A.Siva Rama Krishna

Optical networks use fiber optic cables to transmit communication signals over long distances using light. Fiber is made of glass or plastic and guides light through the core. Optical networks can handle high data traffic and reduce transmission costs. Applications include telecom, broadband, computing and more. Advantages include low loss, interference immunity, security, and suitability for digital signals. Challenges include effects of dispersion at high bit rates and maintenance complexity.

Uploaded by

Siva Rama Krishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPTICAL NETWORKS

A.SIVA RAMA KRISHNA


 Fiber Cabling is used to send communication
signals between two points using light.
 The fiber which are used for optical
communication are wave guides made of
transparent dielectrics.
 It is made from glass or plastic that guides light
throughout the fiber over long distances.
Construction of a Fiber

1) Core
2) Cladding
3) Buffer
4) Jacket
Why optical networks ?
 Handle increase in IP traffic
• Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
• In 1984 :50 Mbps. Now : several Tbps.
 Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
• Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
• Enable new applications and services
Applications of Optical
networks
 In telecommunication field
 In space applications
 Broadband applications
 Computer applications
 Industrial applications
 Mining applications
 In medical applications
 In military applications etc.
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Designation Transmission Media Application

Ultraviolet 1015Hz
10-6 m
Visible 800nm Telephone
Optical Fibers Data Video
Infrared 1014Hz
2.55µm
Advantages of Optical Fibers

 Lower Transmission losses


 Large information capacity
 Small size and Low weight
 Immunity to Electrical Interference
 Enhanced Safety
 Increased Signal Security
Fiber capabilities/WDM
• Wavelengths can be time-
division multiplexed into
a series of aggregated
Time Slots
(OC 12,48,192) connections.
Wavelengths
• Sets of wavelengths can be
(Multi Tbps) spaced into wavebands
Wavebands
• Switching can be done by
wavebands or
Fibers 300+ wavelengths
• 1 Cable can do multi
Cable terabits/sec
Fundamental Data Communication

Transmission
Channel Information
Information Transmitter Receiver Destination
Source

Message Encoded Weakened Restored


input to the Signal and distorted and decoded
transmitter Input to the Received signal message
channel
Principle of Optical Communication

• Light propagates by total internal reflections


at the core-cladding interface
• Total internal reflections are lossless
• Each allowed ray is a mode
Telecom Signal Multiplexing
Digital Transmission Hierarchy used in the
North American Telephone Network

Six 1 .
T4
.
44.736Mb/s . Multiplexer
6 274.176 Mb/s
inputs

Seven 1 . T3
.
6.312 Mb/s . Multiplexer
input 7
44.736Mb/s
Four 1 .
1.544 Mb/s . T2
input 4 . Multiplexer

1 . 6.312 Mb/s
. T1
.
24 Multiplexer 1.544 Mb/s
64 kb/s
inputs
SONET/ SDH
 SONET was established in 1980 in for sending
multiplexed digital traffic over OFC.
 First level of SONET is called the Synchronous
Transport Signal-Level 1 (STS-1) with a bit rate of
51.84Mb/s.
 Higher-rate SONET signals are obtained by byte
interleaving N of STS-1 frames, which are then
scrambled and converted to Optical carrier-Level N
(OC-N).
 First level of SDH is the 155.52Mb/s Synchronous
Transport Module- Level 1(STM 1)
 Higher rate information streams are generated by
synchronously multiplexing N different STM-1 signals
to form the STM-N signal.
WDM

λ1
λ2
. λ1, λ2, ……. λN
.
.
.
.
.
Single Fiber Line
λN

Optical
Multiplexer
Windows and Spectral Bands
Optical fibers
850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm
10 First
Second Third
window
Attenuation (dB/km)

Window window

700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700


Merits of optical networks :-

 Low Power Loss :- An optical fiber offers low


power loss which allows for longer transmission
distances.
 Interference :- Fiber optic cables are immune to
electromagnetic interference. It can also be run in
electrically noisy environments without concern as
electrical noise will not affect fiber .
 Weight:- Fiber optic cables are much thinner and
lighter than metal wires. They also occupy less
space with cables of the same information capacity.
Contd.
 Security:- Fiber optics the most secure medium
available for carrying sensitive data.

 Safety:-Since the fiber is a dielectric, it does not


present a spark hazards.

 Cost:- The raw materials for glass are plentiful


means glass can be made more cheaply .

 Less expensive:- Several miles of optical cable can


be made cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper
wire.
Contd.
 Thinner:- Optical fibers can be drawn to smaller
diameters than copper wire.

 Less signal degradation:- The loss of signal in optical


fiber is less than in copper wire.

 Digital signals :- Optical fibers are ideally suited for


carrying digital information, which is especially useful
in computer networks.

 Non-flammable:- Because no electricity is passed


through optical fibers, there is no fire hazard.
Contd.
 Medical imaging:- It is used in bronchoscopes,
endoscopes, laparoscopes

 Early detection of cable damage:- By


constantly monitoring an optical network and
by carefully measuring the time it takes light to
reflect down the fiber, splices in the cable can
be easily detected.
Challenges of Optical Networks
• Above certain bit rate system performance is
affected by fiber dispersion and non-linearities.

• Highly skilled staff would be required for


maintenance.

• Precise and costly instruments would be required.

• Jointing of fiber and splicing is also time


consuming.

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