Introduction To OFC Technology 1

Introduction to
OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY

OBJECTIVES
1. What is Fiber Optic Technology?
2. Why Fiber Optic Technology?
3. How Optical Transmission fulfills the need?
4. Why Optical Fibers?
5. Present & Future OFC- Systems

General Communication Link
• Information Source: provide electrical signal, usually derived from a

massage signal which is not electrical (sound, data)- Analog/digital
• Transmitter : Comprises of electronic components - convert the signal into

suitable form for propagation over the transmission medium- often achieved by
modulating the carrier.
• Transmission Medium: A pair of wires, coaxial cable or a radio link

through free space down which signal is transmitted to the receiver - channel.
• Receiver: Signal is transformed into original electrical signal (demodulation)

before being passed onto the destination.
What is Fiber Optic Technology?
* Also called Lightwave Technology
• Fiber Optic Technology uses light

as the primary medium to carry
information.
• The light often is guided through

optical fibers.
• Most applications use invisible

(infrared) light.
Optical Fiber Communication System
 At the transmitter section, the electrical signal is converted into an optical

signal using an optical source (intensity modulation).
 The modulated optical signal is transmitted through optical fibers to the
receiver.
 At the receiver end, the optical signal is reconverted to the electrical signal
for further processing (demodulation) before passing onto destination.
Importance Fiber Optic Technology?
During past three decades, many remarkable and dramatic
changes took place in the electronic communication industry
over the Globe..
• A phenomenal increase in voice, data and video

communication - demands for larger capacity and more
economical communication systems.
• Lightwave Technology: Technological route for

achieving this goal
. Most cost-effective way to move huge amounts of

information (voice, video, data) quickly and reliably.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
How Optical Transmission fulfill the need?
For good communication a system needs to have following things.
(1) Bandwidh (BW)

(2) Good signal to noise ratio (SNR) i.e. low loss
Since the bandwidth of a system is more or less proportional to the frequency of operation,
use of higher frequency facilitates larger BW.
 Wider the bandwidth, the greater its information carrying capacity.
 The information carrying capacity of a communications system is

directly proportional to its bandwidth;
The BW at optical frequencies is expected to be 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than
that at the microwave f requencies (1GHz to 100GHz).
 A system with light as carriers has an excessive bandwidth (more than

100,000 times than achieved with microwave frequencies)
Communication Channel Capacity
Communication Carrier Bandwidth 2 way voice

Medium Frequency Channels
Copper Cable 1 MHz 100 kHz < 2000
Coaxial Cable 100 MHz 10 MHz 13,000
Optical Fiber 100 –1000 THz 40 THz >3,00,000 or

Advantages of Optical Fiber
Wide Bandwidth: Extremely high information carrying
capacity (~GHz)
 3,00,000 voice channels on a pair of fiber
 Voice/Data/Video Integrated Service
 2.5 Gb/s systems from NTT ,Japan; 5 Gb/s System Siemens
Low loss : Information can be sent over a large distance.

 Losses ~ 0.2 dB/km
 Repeater spacing >100 km with bit rates in Gb/s
Interference Free
 Immune to Electromagnetic interference: No cross talk between fibers
 Can be used in harsh or noisy environments
Higher security : No radiations, Difficult to tap

 Attractive for Defense, Intelligence and Banks Networks
Advantages of Optical Fiber: Contd..
Compact & light weight
 Smaller size : Fiber thinner than human hair
 Can easily replace 1000 pair copper cable of 10 cm dia.
 Fiber weighs 28gm/km; considerably lighter than copper
 Light weight cable
 Environmental Immunity/Greater safety
 Dielectric- No current, No short circuits – Extremely safe for
hazardous environments; attractive for oil & petrochemicals
 Not prone to lightning
 Wide temperature range
 Long life > 25 years
 Abundant Raw Material : optical fibers made from Sand
 Not a scarce resource in comparison to copper.
Some Practical Disadvantages
 Optical fibers are relatively expensive.
 Connectors very expensive: Due to high degree of precision
involved
 Connector installation is time consuming and highly skilled
operation
 Jointing (Splicing) of fibers requires expensive equipment
and skilled operators
 Connector and joints are relatively lossy.
 Difficult to tap in and out ( for bus architectures)- need
expensive couplers
 Relatively careful handling required
WAVELENGTHS OF OPERATION
Attenuation in Silica Fibers

Attenuation (dB/ km )
2.5
2 3 “ Optical
2.0 Windows”
1
1.5
1.0
0.5
900 1100 1300 1500 1700

Wavelength (nm )
850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm
OFC- Systems
 Currently installed Systems: operating at 1310 nm window
• Low loss; minimum pulse broadening
• Transmission rate 2-10 Gb/s
• Regeneration of Signal after every 30-60 km
 Conversion of O-E-O signal
Future OFC Systems: 1550 nm band
• Silica has lowest loss, increased dispersion
 Design of Dispersion Shifted Fibers
 Lowest loss and Negligible dispersion
 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Direct amplification of optical signal
Flat gain around 1550nm low loss window
BW 12,500 GHz ; Enormous potential
WDM/DWDM Concept
Typical WDM network containing various types of optical amplifiers.

Future OFC- Systems
Coincidence of low-loss window & wide-BW EDFA
 Possibilities of WDM Communication Systems
 Soliton pulse transmission
 Capable of carrying enormous rates of information
Examples:
• 1.1 Tb/s over 150 km ; 55 wavelengths WDM
• 2.6 Tb/s over 120 km ; 132 wavelengths WDM
Optical Network System
Transmitters Receivers
Optical Layers Optical Multiplexing Section Layer (OMS-L)
l Optical Transmission Section Layer (OTS-L) l
Add/Drop
l l
DEMUX
MUX
EDFA EDFA EDFA
ln li li ln
Router
Metropolitan-Access Network
Network Management Layer
Digital Client Layer Optical Channel (OC-N) Layer
Digital Client Layer SONET/SDH/PDH/ATM/ IP/etc. Digital Hierarchy Layer
EDFA = Erbium-doped fiber amplifier

MUX = Multiplexer
DEMUX = Demultiplexer
Bands in Light Spectrum
Approximate Attenuation
of Single Mode fiber cable
Visible Infrared
700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 nm
“O” Band ~ 1270-1350 nm

“E” Band ~ 1370 - 1440 nm
“S” Band ~ 1470 - 1500 nm
“C” Band ~ 1530 - 1565 nm
“L” Band ~ 1570 - 1610 nm
FORESIGHT…
 Lightwave Communication Systems Employing Rare
Earth Doped Fibers and Soliton Pulses
“ZERO LOSS & NEAR INFINITE BANDWIDTH “

Fiber Optics- Market Potential in India
Fiber Optics market potential in India.

Fifty Years of Fiber Optics
THANK YOU

Introduction To OFC Technology 1

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Introduction to

OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY

1. What is Fiber Optic Technology?

2. Why Fiber Optic Technology?

3. How Optical Transmission fulfills the need?

4. Why Optical Fibers?

5. Present & Future OFC- Systems

• Information Source: provide electrical signal, usually derived from a

• Transmitter : Comprises of electronic components - convert the signal into

• Transmission Medium: A pair of wires, coaxial cable or a radio link

• Receiver: Signal is transformed into original electrical signal (demodulation)

• Fiber Optic Technology uses light

• The light often is guided through

• Most applications use invisible

 At the transmitter section, the electrical signal is converted into an optical

• A phenomenal increase in voice, data and video

• Lightwave Technology: Technological route for

. Most cost-effective way to move huge amounts of

(1) Bandwidh (BW)

 Wider the bandwidth, the greater its information carrying capacity.

 The information carrying capacity of a communications system is

 A system with light as carriers has an excessive bandwidth (more than

Communication Carrier Bandwidth 2 way voice

Copper Cable 1 MHz 100 kHz < 2000

Coaxial Cable 100 MHz 10 MHz 13,000

Optical Fiber 100 –1000 THz 40 THz >3,00,000 or

Low loss : Information can be sent over a large distance.

Higher security : No radiations, Difficult to tap

Attenuation in Silica Fibers

900 1100 1300 1500 1700

Typical WDM network containing various types of optical amplifiers.

EDFA EDFA EDFA

EDFA = Erbium-doped fiber amplifier

700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 nm

“O” Band ~ 1270-1350 nm

“ZERO LOSS & NEAR INFINITE BANDWIDTH “

Fiber Optics market potential in India.

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