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p421Lecture 2

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p421Lecture 2

Uploaded by

abanoubadly110
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lectures Notes

In Fiber optic communications


Code: P421
For Physics Students

by
Prof. Dr. \ Safwat William Zaki Mahmoud
Professor of Laser Physics
BASIC FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
❑ Basic fiber system consists of: transmitter that converts electrical
signal into light signal, optical fiber that carries light, and a receiver
that detects light signal and converts it back into electrical signal.

❑ The complexity of the system ranges from very simple (point-to


point link) to sophisticated and expensive (long distance telephone
or cable television trunk).
BASIC FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

The basic question is


“how much information is to be sent and
how far does it have to go?”

❑ The figure of merit of a communication system


is called " BL-Product“
❑ B refers to the bit rate (amount of information
sent in a second = 1/TB where TB bit slot)
❑ L refers to communication distance
(or specifically, distance between
two successive repeaters).
Basic Definitions
BL (bit rate-distance) Product
It is the commonly used figure of merit for communication systems B:
the bit rate L: the repeater spacing.
Bandwidth
➢ the range of frequencies comprising the spectrum of the signal.
➢ the range of frequencies over which the amplitude has dropped to a value
equal to 1/sqrt(2) times the maximum value
half of the signal power is contained in the frequency band f0 -B to f0+B
2B: the signal bandwidth
Frequency content
Intensity

Non-periodic signal

Time

Mixture of frequencies
TRANSMISSION WINDOWS

❑ Lasers are used for 1310- or 1550-nm single-mode applications.


❑ LEDs are used for 850- or 1300-nm multimode applications.
❑ These wavelengths best match the transmission properties of light
sources and transmission qualities of optical fiber.
BENEFITS OF FIBER OPTICS

Optical fiber systems have many advantages over metallic-based


communication systems:-

Long-distance signal transmission (> 100 kilometers)


low attenuation allows much longer intervals of signal transmission than
metallic-based systems

Enormous potential bandwidth:


Optical carrier frequency : 1013 to 1016 Hz, which yields much greater
transmission bandwidth than coaxial cables.

Small size and weight:


Fibers size is in range of human hair with very small weight, which allows
expansion of signal transmission within mobiles: aircraft, satellites, ships

Electrical isolation:
Fibers are fabricated from glass or plastic (insulators.): they are ideal for
communication in electrically hazardous environment.
BENEFITS OF FIBER OPTICS

Immunity to interference and crosstalk:


No optical interference between fibers: crosstalk is negligible. Fibers are
not affected by lightening strikes and noisy environment

Signal security:
Fibers provide a high degree of signal security, signal can not be obtained
from a fiber without drawing optical power

Designed for future applications needs:


As bandwidth demands increase rapidly with technological advances, fiber
will support the long-term success of telecommunication.
ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL SIGNALS

Information can be transmitted in analog


or digital forms:
➢ An analog signal is one that varies
continuously with time.
Speak into the telephone & TV signal

➢ A digital signal is one that exists only at


discrete levels
In computer, information is represented
as zeros and ones (0 and 5 volts).

➢ With the advent of digital and high


definition television (HDTV), cable TV
will also be transmitted digitally.
ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL SIGNALS

Advantages of digital transmission over analog transmission:-


❑ Easier to process electronically.
❑ No conversion in the communication system is necessary.
❑ Less susceptible to noise: they operates with discrete signal levels.
❑ The signal is either on or off, which makes it harder to corrupt.
DIGITAL ENCODING SCHEMES

❑ Signal format is an important factor to evaluate the


performance of a fiber optic system.
❑ The most common encoding schemes are the return-to-zero
(RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ).
RZ and NRZ DIGITAL ENCODING SCHEMES

❑ in the RZ pattern, the amplitude in every “1” bit returns to zero


commonly at the mid-point of the bit slot (duty cycle of 0.5).
❑ In the NRZ pattern, the amplitude in the “1” state does not return
to zero between two or more successive “1” bits.
❑ The required bandwidth for RZ must be twice that of NRZ.
DIGITAL ENCODING SCHEMES
❑ In NRZ scheme, it is difficult to distinguish consecutive 0's or 1's.
❑ The NRZI scheme attempts to alleviate this problem. In this scheme
• A signal change (i.e. high to low) encodes a '1'
• No change in signal encodes a '0‘

❑ In Manchester the signal change on every bit such that


• A change from "low-to-high" encodes a '0'
• A change from "high-to-low" encodes a '1'

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