DC Lec2
DC Lec2
1
Lecture 2
BOOK: DATA COMBehrouz A. Forouzan
MUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
TRANSMISSIO
N MEDIA
Guided Unguided
(wired) (wireless)
Module Objective: Explain how physical layer protocols, services, and network media
support communications across data networks.
Analog signal
Continuously variable with times
Digital signal: discrete values
Bipolar-AMI
• 0 = no line signal
• 1 = positive or negative level, alternating for successive ones
Pseudoternary
• 0 = positive or negative level, alternating for successive zeros
• 1 = no line signal
Manchester
• 0 = transition from high to low in middle of interval
• 1 = transition from low to high in middle of interval
Differential Manchester
1- For the bit stream 01001110, draw the waveform for this sequence using
a. NRZ-L
b. Bipolar-AMI
c. Pseudoternary
2- The waveform of the Figure belongs to a Manchester encoded binary data stream. Determine the
beginning and end of bit periods and give the data sequence.
23
FIBER-OPTIC CABLING
FIBER VERSUS COPPER
Optical fiber is primarily used as backbone cabling for high-traffic, point-to-point
connections between data distribution facilities and for the interconnection of
buildings
in multi-building campuses.
Implementation
UTP Cabling Fiber-Optic Cabling
Issues
Bandwidth supported 10 Mb/s - 10 Gb/s 10 Mb/s - 100 Gb/s
Relatively short (1 - 100 Relatively long ( 1 -
Distance
meters) 100,000 meters)
Immunity to EMI and
Low High (Completely immune)
RFI
Immunity to electrical
Low High (Completely immune)
hazards
Media and connector
Lowest Highest
costs
Installation skills
Lowest Highest
required
4.6 WIRELESS MEDIA
Wireless Standards:
• Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) - Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology
• Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15) - Wireless Personal Area network (WPAN) standard
• WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) - Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide broadband
wireless access
• Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) - Low data-rate, low power-consumption communications,
primarily for Internet of Things (IoT) applications
WIRELESS MEDIA
WIRELESS LAN
In general, a Wireless LAN (WLAN) requires the following devices:
• Wireless Access Point (AP) - Concentrate wireless signals from users
and connect to the existing copper-based network infrastructure
• Wireless NIC Adapters - Provide wireless communications capability
to network hosts
any user on the left can talk to any user on the right with dedicated resources
such as link capacity L.
Then 4x3 particular communication can happened then the link capacity will
be divided by 12 (L/12). Note if one particular communication not used it will
be idle
CIRCUIT SWITCHING: FDM AND TDM
the time is divided to slots each user will assigned a slot and it will
repeated.
The users assigned dedicated resources.
If any user not work then it particular time slot not used (idle) and
no other user can use it
Example: how long does it take to send a file of 640000 bits
from host A to host B over a circuit switch network, where all
links are 1.5Mbps, 500msec to establish connection and each
link uses 24 slots/sec.
Example: suppose the A want to send a file with size L bits to D , where
link rate R is 1.5Mbps then 3 hops takes 3L/R sec
PACKET SWITCHING VERSUS CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
Congestion