10 CircuitLabSlides - Practice10.v1

Vbat
Circuit Lab
Practice #10—Kirchhoff’s Voltage/Current Laws,
Wheatstone Bridges, Thévenin’s Theorem, and
Norton’s Theorem
Mr. Burleson
1
geaux15@hotmail.com
Multiple Sources
Sometimes a circuit has more than one source
Voltage Sources should be added in series
Current Sources should be added in parallel
You shouldn’t put voltage sources in parallel or current

sources in series, as it can create a situation that violates
circuit rules.
2
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KCL)
(Division C Only)
The directed sum of
the electrical potential
differences (voltage)
around any closed
network is zero
or: the sum of the

voltage in any closed
loop is equivalent to
the sum of the
potential drops in that
loop
3
KVL Examples
Vbat = 9V
VR1 = VR2 = 3V
What is VR3
Vbat = 12V Vbat
VR1 = 5V, VR2 = 3V
What is VR3
Vbat = 15V
VR1 = 7V, VR2 = 8V

4
What is VR3
More KVL Examples
Vbat = 9V
What is VR1? Vbat
What is VR2?
Vbat = 9V
VR1 = = 3V
What is VR3 and VR2
Vbat
Vbat = 12V
VR2 = = 3V
What is VR1 and VR3
5
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
(Division C Only)
At any node (junction) in an
electrical circuit, the sum of
currents flowing into that
node is equal to the sum of
currents flowing out of that
node
or: The algebraic sum of
currents in a network of
conductors meeting at a
point is zero.
or: All current into a node
equals all current out!
6
KCL Examples
I1 = 9A
IR1 = 3A I1
What is IR2 and I2
I1 = 9A IR1 IR2
IR1 = 6A
What is IR2 and I2
I1 = 10A
IR1 = 4A I2
What is IR2 and I2

7
More KCL Examples
I1 = 9A, I2 = 9A, I3 = 9A
What is I4
I3
I1 = 5A, I2 = 4A, I4 = 3A
What is I3 I1
I1 = 9A, I2 = -9A, I3 = 7A I2
I4
What is I4
I1 = 2A, I4 = 9A, I3 = -9A

What is I2
8
Wheatstone Bridge
A Wheatstone bridge is an
electrical circuit used to measure
an unknown electrical resistance
by balancing two legs of a bridge
circuit, one leg of which includes
the unknown component.
It was invented by Samuel Hunter

Christie in 1833 and improved and
popularized by Sir Charles
Wheatstone in 1843.
One of the Wheatstone bridge's

initial uses was for the purpose of
soils analysis and comparison
9
Wheatstone Bridge
Usage
Rx is the unknown resistance
R1, R2, and R3 are the known

resistance
If the bridge is balanced then the

ratio of R2/R1 =Rx/R3, and the voltage
and current between Node D and
Node B equals zero.
Or Rx = R2/R1 * R3
Normally R2 is a variable resistor
If the bridge is unbalanced, the

direction of the current indicates
whether R2 is too big or too small.
10
Wheatstone Examples
R1=R2=R3=100Ω
VD=VB, IDB = 0 A
What is Rx
R1=R2=300Ω
R3=200Ω
VD=VB, IDB = 0 A
What is Rx
R1= 100Ω, R2=300Ω

R3=200Ω
VD=VB, IDB = 0 A
What is Rx
11
Thévenin’s
Theorem/Equivalent
Thévenin's theorem states that any combination of
voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two
terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage
source V and a single series resistor R.
12
How to find Thévenin
Equivalent Values
1. Calculate the output voltage, VAB, when in open
circuit condition (no load resistor—meaning
infinite resistance). This is VTh.
2. Calculate the output current, IAB, when the output

terminals are short circuited (load resistance is 0).
RTh equals VTh divided by this IAB.
or Replace independent voltage sources with short circuits
and independent current sources with open circuits. The
total resistance across the output port is the Thévenin
impedance RTh.
13
Thévenin Example
Find Vth and Rth
A and B are Open, so no current flows through R1

and therefore VR1=0
The current from the battery is then I=V/ Req

Req= 2kΩ + 1kΩ + 1kΩ = 4kΩ
I=15V/4kΩ= 3.75mA
Using a KVL at the output

Vr2+Vr3=Vr1+Vab=0+Vab=Vab
Vr2=Vr3=(3.75mA)(1kΩ)=3.75V
Vab=3.75V+3.75V=7.5V= Vth
Rth = R1 + (R4 in parallel with (R3 + R2))
Rth = 1kΩ+1kΩ = 2kΩ

14
Norton’s Theorem
Equivalent
Norton's theorem states that any collection of voltage
sources, current sources, and resistors with two
terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current
source, I, in parallel with a single resistor, R.
15
How to find Norton’s
Equivalent Values
1. Find the Norton current INo. Calculate the output
current, IAB, with a short circuit as the load
(meaning 0 resistance between A and B). This is INo.
2. Find the Norton resistance RNo. When there are no
dependent sources (all current and voltage sources
are independent), there are two methods of
determining the Norton impedance RNo.
Calculate the output voltage, VAB, when in open circuit condition
(i.e., no load resistor — meaning infinite load resistance). R No
equals this VAB divided by INo.
or Replace independent voltage sources with short circuits and
independent current sources with open circuits. The total
resistance across the output port is the Norton impedance R No.
16
Norton Example
Find Ino and Rno
Find current through A and B if shorted
The current from the battery is then

I=V/Req
Req = 2kΩ + 1kΩ in parallel with 2kΩ = 2.67kΩ
I=15V/2.67kΩ= 5.625mA
Iab = 5.625mA*(2/3)= 3.75mA= Ino
Removing the power supply with a short,
Rno is the resistance looking into AB
Rno = 1kΩ + 2kΩ in parallel with 2kΩ = 1kΩ +1kΩ

17
= 2kΩ
How are they related
Rno= Rth
Vth = Ino * Rno
Ino = Vth / Rth
Use whichever one makes the problem easier to solve .
Make sure the current source and resistor are in parallel
for Norton
Make sure the voltage source and resistor are in series for
Thévenin
18
In Practice Sample
Competition
100 points
Timed—30 minutes
Do the following written quiz individually
You may use any and all notes in your notebook
You may use your calculator
Make sure you fill out your name and team at the top of each
page
Tackle the easy problems first, then the tough ones you know
how to tackle, then finally the ones you have to guess on.
If you have time, check your answers
19
Homework
Update your binder to get it competition ready
Complete the circuit problems from the Homework

Generator
Level 10 Resistors
Level 11 Wheatstone
Level 14 Norton-Thevenin
Correct the problems you missed on the practice

competition on separate paper.
20

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Vbat

Voltage Sources should be added in series

Current Sources should be added in parallel

You shouldn’t put voltage sources in parallel or current

or: the sum of the

Vbat = 12V Vbat

VR1 = 5V, VR2 = 3V

VR1 = 7V, VR2 = 8V

What is IR2 and I2

I1 = 2A, I4 = 9A, I3 = -9A

It was invented by Samuel Hunter

One of the Wheatstone bridge's

R1, R2, and R3 are the known

If the bridge is balanced then the

Normally R2 is a variable resistor

If the bridge is unbalanced, the

R1= 100Ω, R2=300Ω

2. Calculate the output current, IAB, when the output

A and B are Open, so no current flows through R1

The current from the battery is then I=V/ Req

Using a KVL at the output

Rth = R1 + (R4 in parallel with (R3 + R2))

Rth = 1kΩ+1kΩ = 2kΩ

Find current through A and B if shorted

The current from the battery is then

Rno = 1kΩ + 2kΩ in parallel with 2kΩ = 1kΩ +1kΩ

Complete the circuit problems from the Homework

Correct the problems you missed on the practice

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