Introduction to Javascript

CS-213 Advance Programming

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Client Side Scripting

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Why use client-side programming?
PHP already allows us to create dynamic web pages. Why
also use client-side scripting?
 client-side scripting (JavaScript) benefits:
 usability: can modify a page without having to post back to the
server (faster UI)
 efficiency: can make small, quick changes to page without
waiting for server
 event-driven: can respond to user actions like clicks and key
presses

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Why use client-side programming?
 server-side programming (PHP) benefits:
 security: has access to server's private data; client can't see
source code
 compatibility: not subject to browser compatibility issues
 power: can write files, open connections to servers, connect to
databases, ...

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What is Javascript?
 a lightweight programming language ("scripting
language")
 used to make web pages interactive
 insert dynamic text into HTML (ex: user name)
 react to events (ex: page load user click)
 get information about a user's computer (ex: browser type)
 perform calculations on user's computer (ex: form validation)

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What is Javascript?
 a web standard (but not supported identically by all
browsers)
 NOT related to Java other than by name and some
syntactic similarities

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Javascript vs Java
 interpreted, not compiled
 more relaxed syntax and rules
 fewer and "looser" data types
 variables don't need to be declared
 errors often silent (few exceptions)
 key construct is the function rather than the class
 "first-class" functions are used in many situations
 contained within a web page and integrates with its
HTML/CSS content

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JavaScript vs. PHP
 similarities:
 both are interpreted, not compiled
 both are relaxed about syntax, rules, and types
 both are case-sensitive
 both have built-in regular expressions for powerful
text processing

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JavaScript vs. PHP
 differences:
 JS is more object-oriented: noun.verb(), less
procedural: verb(noun)
 JS focuses on user interfaces and interacting with a
document; PHP is geared toward HTML output and
file/form processing
 JS code runs on the client's browser; PHP code runs
on the web server

JS <3
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Linking to a JavaScript file: script

<script src="filename" type="text/javascript"></script>

HTML
 script tag should be placed in HTML page's head
 script code is stored in a separate .js file
 JS code can be placed directly in the HTML file's body or head (like CSS)
 but this is bad style (should separate content, presentation, and behavior

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Event-driven programming

 split breaks apart a string into an array using a

delimiter
 can also be used with regular expressions (seen later)
 join merges an array into a single string, placing a
delimiter between them

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Event-driven programming

 you are used to programs start with a main method

(or implicit main like in PHP)
 JavaScript programs instead wait for user actions
called events and respond to them
 event-driven programming: writing programs
driven by user events
 Let's write a page with a clickable button that pops
up a "Hello, World" window...

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Buttons
<button>Click me!</button> HTML

 button's text appears inside tag; can also contain images

 To make a responsive button or other UI control:
1. choose the control (e.g. button) and event (e.g. mouse 1. click) of interest
2. write a JavaScript function to run when the event occurs
3. attach the function to the event on the control

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JavaScript functions
function name() {
statement ;
statement ;
...
statement ;
} JS
function myFunction() {
alert("Hello!");
alert("How are you?");
} JS
 the above could be the contents of example.js
linked to our HTML page
 statements placed into functions can be evaluated
in response to user events
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Event handlers
<element attributes onclick="function();">...
HTML

<button onclick="myFunction();">Click me!</button>

HTML
 JavaScript functions can be set as event handlers
 when you interact with the element, the function will execute
 onclick is just one of many event HTML attributes we'll use
 but popping up an alert window is disruptive and annoying
 A better user experience would be to have the message appear on the page...

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Document Object Model (DOM)

 most JS code manipulates

elements on an HTML page
 we can examine elements' state
 e.g. see whether a box is checked
 we can change state
 e.g. insert some new text into a div
 we can change styles
 e.g. make a paragraph red

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DOM element objects

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Accessing elements:
document.getElementById
var name = document.getElementById("id");
JS

<button onclick="changeText();">Click me!</button>

<span id="output">replace me</span>
<input id="textbox" type="text" /> HTML

function changeText() {
var span = document.getElementById("output");
var textBox = document.getElementById("textbox");

textbox.style.color = "red";

} JS

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Accessing elements:
document.getElementById
 document.getElementById returns the DOM object
for an element with a given id
 can change the text inside most elements by setting
the innerHTML property
 can change the text in form controls by setting the
value property

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Changing element style: element.style

Attribute Property or style object

color color
padding padding
background-color backgroundColor
border-top-width borderTopWidth
Font size fontSize
Font famiy fontFamily

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Preetify

function changeText() {
//grab or initialize text here

// font styles added by JS:

text.style.fontSize = "13pt";
text.style.fontFamily = "Comic Sans MS";
text.style.color = "red"; // or pink?
} JS

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 More Javascript Syntax

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Variables

var name = expression; JS

var clientName = "Connie Client";

var age = 32;
var weight = 127.4; JS
 variables are declared with the var keyword (case
sensitive)
 types are not specified, but JS does have types
("loosely typed")
 Number, Boolean, String, Array, Object,
Function, Null, Undefined
 can find out a variable's type by calling typeof
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Number type

var enrollment = 99;

var medianGrade = 2.8;
var credits = 5 + 4 + (2 * 3);
JS

 integers and real numbers are the same type (no int
vs. double)
 same operators: + - * / % ++ -- = += -= *= /= %=
 similar precedence to Java
 many operators auto-convert types: "2" * 3 is 6

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Comments (same as Java)

// single-line comment
/* multi-line comment */
JS

 identical to Java's comment syntax

 recall: 4 comment syntaxes
 HTML: <!-- comment -->
 CSS/JS/PHP: /* comment */
 Java/JS/PHP: // comment
 PHP: # comment

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Math object

var rand1to10 = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10 + 1);

var three = Math.floor(Math.PI);
JS

 methods: abs, ceil, cos, floor, log,

max, min, pow, random, round, sin,
sqrt, tan
 properties: E, PI

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Special values: null and undefined

var ned = null;

var benson = 9;
// at this point in the code,
// ned is null
// benson's 9
// caroline is undefined
JS

 undefined : has not been declared, does not

exist
 null : exists, but was specifically assigned an
empty or null value
 Why does JavaScript have both of these?
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Logical operators

 > < >= <= && || ! == != === !==

 most logical operators automatically convert types:
 5 < "7" is true
 42 == 42.0 is true
 "5.0" == 5 is true
 === and !== are strict equality tests; checks both
type and value
 "5.0" === 5 is false

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if/else statement (same as Java)

if (condition) {
statements;
} else if (condition) {
statements;
} else {
statements;
}
JS
 identical structure to Java's if/else statement
 JavaScript allows almost anything as a condition

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Boolean type

var iLike190M = true;

var ieIsGood = "IE6" > 0; // false
if ("web devevelopment is great") { /* true */ }
if (0) { /* false */ }
JS
 any value can be used as a Boolean
 "falsey" values: 0, 0.0, NaN, "", null, and undefined
 "truthy" values: anything else
 converting a value into a Boolean explicitly:
 var boolValue = Boolean(otherValue);
 var boolValue = !!(otherValue);

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for loop (same as Java)

var sum = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
sum = sum + i;
} JS

var s1 = "hello";
var s2 = "";
for (var i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
s2 += s1.charAt(i) + s1.charAt(i);
}
// s2 stores "hheelllloo" JS

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while loops (same as Java)

while (condition) {
statements;
} JS

do {
statements;
} while (condition);
JS

 break and continue keywords also behave as in

Java

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Popup boxes

alert("message"); // message
confirm("message"); // returns true or false
prompt("message"); // returns user input string
JS

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Arrays

var name = []; // empty array

var name = [value, value, ..., value]; // pre-filled
name[index] = value; // store element
JS

var ducks = ["Huey", "Dewey", "Louie"];

var stooges = []; // stooges.length is 0
stooges[0] = "Larry"; // stooges.length is 1
stooges[1] = "Moe"; // stooges.length is 2
stooges[4] = "Curly"; // stooges.length is 5
stooges[4] = "Shemp"; // stooges.length is 5
JS

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Array methods
var a = ["Stef", "Jason"]; // Stef, Jason
a.push("Brian"); // Stef, Jason, Brian
a.unshift("Kelly"); // Kelly, Stef, Jason, Brian
a.pop(); // Kelly, Stef, Jason
a.shift(); // Stef, Jason
a.sort(); // Jason, Stef
JS
 array serves as many data structures: list, queue,
stack, ...
 methods: concat, join, pop, push, reverse, shift,
slice, sort, splice, toString, unshift
 push and pop add / remove from back
 unshift and shift add / remove from front
 shift and pop return the element that is removed
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String type

var s = "Connie Client";

var fName = s.substring(0, s.indexOf(" ")); // "Connie"
var len = s.length; // 13
var s2 = 'Melvin Merchant';
JS
 methods: charAt, charCodeAt, fromCharCode,
indexOf, lastIndexOf, replace, split,
substring, toLowerCase, toUpperCase
 charAt returns a one-letter String (there is no char type)
 length property (not a method as in Java)
 Strings can be specified with "" or ''
 concatenation with + :
 1 + 1 is 2, but "1" + 1 is "11"
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More about String
 escape sequences behave as in Java: \' \" \& \n \t \\
 converting between numbers and Strings:

var count = 10;

var s1 = "" + count; // "10"
var s2 = count + " bananas, ah ah ah!"; // "10 bananas, ah
ah ah!"
var n1 = parseInt("42 is the answer"); // 42
var n2 = parseFloat("booyah"); // NaN JS

 accessing the letters of a String:

var firstLetter = s[0]; // fails in IE
var firstLetter = s.charAt(0); // does work in IE
var lastLetter = s.charAt(s.length - 1); JS

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Splitting strings: split and join
var s = "the quick brown fox";
var a = s.split(" "); // ["the", "quick", "brown", "fox"]
a.reverse(); // ["fox", "brown", "quick", "the"]
s = a.join("!"); // "fox!brown!quick!the"
JS

 split breaks apart a string into an array using a

delimiter
 can also be used with regular expressions (seen later)
 join merges an array into a single string, placing a
delimiter between them

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