1

CAT
CERTIFIED ACCOUNTING TECHNICIAN

An E- Learning Approach
 2

CERTIFIED BOOKKEEPER PROGRAM

 3

COURSE SYLLABUS

Certified Accounting Technician, Level 1

Certified Accounting Technician Program

COURSE SYLLABUS
4

MODULE 1 – Introduction to
Accounting
 Basic terms in Accounting
 Types, Nature, and Characteristics of
the different businesses
 Basic Elements of Accounting and the
accounting Process
 The Accounting Equation in Relation to
Business Transactions
 Financial Statements of a Service
Business
 Double-Entry Method of Bookkeeping
 Recording in the Books of Accounts
 Terms Peculiar to a Merchandising
Business
 Accounting for a Merchandising
Business
 Financial Statements of a
Merchandising Business
Certified Accounting Technician Program

COURSE SYLLABUS
5

MODULE 2 – Completing the

Accounting Method
 Steps in the Accounting
Cycle
 The principle of Matching
Cost Against Revenue
 Adjustments and their
Adjusting Entries
 Preparation of the Worksheet
of a Merchandising Business
 Closing Entries and the Post-
Closing Balance
 Opening Entry and Reversing
Entries
Certified Accounting Technician Program

COURSE SYLLABUS
6

MODULE 3 – Constructive
Accounting
 Internal Control of Cash
 Bank Reconciliation Statement
 Single Entry Method of
Bookkeeping
 Reconstruction of Incomplete
Records
 Conversion of Single Entry Method
into Double Entry Method of
Bookkeeping
 Cash Basis Versus Accrual Basis of
Accounting
 Errors and Their Corrections
 Analysis and Interpretation of
Financial Statements
Certified Accounting Technician Program

COURSE SYLLABUS
7

MODULE 4 – Special Journals

 Nature of the Accounting
System
 The Use of Special Journals
 Subsidiary Ledgers
 Computerized Accounting
System
 Voucher System
 The Combination Journal
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
8

1. Know the definition of accounting and its role in business

2. Distinguish the different types and forms of business organization as well as their

characteristics.
3. Learn the different accounting values or elements.

4. Learn the accounting process (functions of accounting).

5. Know the accounting equation and its significance.

6. Know what a business transaction is and its effect on the accounting elements.

7. Learn how to record the business transactions using the double entry method of

bookkeeping
8. Learn how to prepare the trial balance and how to detect errors posting.

9. Learn how to prepare the financial statements of a servicing and trading concern

(Statement of Comprehensive Income, Statement of Financial Position, Statement of

Changes in Equity and Statement of Cash Flows)
 WHAT IS ACCOUNTING?
9

A service activity whose

function is to provide
quantitative information,
primarily financial in nature,
about economic entities, that
is intended to be useful in
making economic decisions.
In general sense,
ACCOUNTING is an
information system that
provides reports to
stakeholders about economic
activities and condition of a
business.
 ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN
10
BUSINESS
1. Help owners or management make
decisions.
2. Record and analyze business
transactions.
3. Communicate financial information to
all interested parties.
 TYPES OF BUSINESSES
11

Merchandising
Servic
Manufacturing
e
 TYPES OF OWNERSHIP
12
STRUCTURES
Sole
Partnership
Proprietorship

Cooperatives Corporations
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DIFFERENT FORMS OF BUSINESS
13 ORGANIZATION
Sole
Proprietorship
Partnership Corporation Cooperatives

 One owner  Two or more  Unlimited  Unlimited

owners owners owners
 Unlimited  Limited liability  Limited
liability for  Unlimited of the liability of the
unpaid liability for stockholders for members for
partnership corporate debts the
debts
debts  Management is cooperative’s
 Owner  There is a vested in the debts.
manages the managing
board of  Management
directors
business. partner. is vested in
(BOD).
the BOD.
 BASIC ELEMENTS OF
14
ACCOUNTING
Statement of Financial
Position
(Balance Sheet):
1. Assets
2. Liabilities
3. Owner’s equity

Statement of
Comprehensive Income
(Income Statement):
1.Income
2.Expenses
3.Profit and Loss
 ACCOUNTING PROCESS
15
 ACCOUNTING EQUATION
16

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s

Equity
P500,000 = P200,000 + P300,000

OR

Assets - Liabilities = Owner’s

Equity
P500,000 - P200,000 = P300,000
 ACCOUNTING EQUATION
17
EXPANDED

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s

Equity
Cash = Account Payable + Owner’s Capital
+ Accounts +Bank Loan - Drawings
Receivable
+ Supplies + Revenues
+ Repair Equipment -Expenses
 BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
18

Debit/s (left side) Credit/s (right side)

Value/s received = Values given up

Increase in assets are recorded in the

left (debit) side of the account while
decreases in assets are recorded in the
Business Transaction is an right (credit) side of the account.
economic event or Conversely, increases in liabilities and
condition that directly owner’s equity are recorded by Credits
changes an entity’s while decreases in liabilities and
financial condition or owner’s equity are recorded by Debits.
directly affects its results of
operations.
Module 1 - Introduction to Accounting

BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS
19 Transactions Debit Credit
Value/s received Value/s given up
1. J. Cruz, invests P200,000 to J. Cruz, Capital
Cash
start an auto repair business. (ownership right)

2. Cruz, buys repair equipment Accounts Payable

Equipment
on credit, P100,000. (obligation to pay)

3. Cruz bought Shop Supplies for

Shop Supplies Cash
cash, P62,000.

4. Paid partial on equipment Accounts Payable

Cash
bought on account, P60,000. (reduction of obligation)

5. Cruz received a bank loan for Bank Loan

Cash
business use, P100,00. (promise to pay)

6. Customers pay cash for auto Repair Income

Cash
repair rendered, P25,000. (services)

7. Repair services rendered on Accounts Receivable Repair Income

account, P50,000. (right to collect) (services)
 ACCOUNTING EQUATION
20
EXPANDED

Please refer t
o MS Excel S
heet 1.
 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
21

Principal Financial
Statements:
1. Statement of
Comprehensive Income
2. Statement of Changes in
Financial Statements are
Equity
accounting reports that provide
the financial information of the 3. Statement of Financial
transactions that have been Position
recorded and summarized.
4. Statement of Cash Flows
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
22

On July 1 of the current year, Paul Brite started a TV repair business:

1. He invested P50,000 in cash to start his business.
2. Purchased for cash shop supplies worth P3,500.
3. Bright bought repair equipment worth P20,000 on credit.
4. Customers paid P12,000 cash for repair services rendered.
5. Brite made a partial payment to A & G Company. P15,000.
6. Customers were billed on account P14,000 for repair services rendered.
7. Rental for the month of July was paid, P6,000.
8. Collected P8,000 from customers as payment of their account.
9. Paid wages of assistant helper for the month of July, P4,000.
10. Bought additional shop supplies costing P7,500. A down payment of P3,000 was made and the
balance is payable at the end of the month.
11. Repair services rendered, P9,000. Received P4,500 as partial payment.
12. Repair supplies bought for cash and used for repairs amounted to P6,500.
13. Brite withdrew P10,000 for personal use.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
23

Required:
a. Record the peso amount under the appropriate heading below on the accounting equation to show
the effect of each transaction. Show the balance after the second transaction and there after and
their final balances.
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity

Cash + A/R + Supplies + Equipment Accounts Payable P. Brite Capital + Revenues

- Expenses
b. Prepare the following financial Statements.
 Statement of Comprehensive Income for the month ended July 31 of the current year.
 Statement of Changes in Equity for the month ended July 31 of the current year.
 Statement of Financial Position as of July 31 of the current year.
 Statement of Cash Flow for the month ended July 31 of the current year.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
24

Please refer t
o MS Excel S
heet 2 for the
solutions.
 DOUBLE ENTRY
25
ACCOUNTING
T - ACCOUNT

The T account, so called

because of its T shape, is used
to show the increase or
decrease in an account
Double-entry accounting is a record caused by a transaction.
keeping in which each business
transactions affects at least two Top Account Title
accounts. Right
Left Side
Side Debit Credit
(debit)
(credit)
The double-entry system is used
because you are entering the transaction
amount twice.
 RULES OF DEBIT AND
Module 1 - Recording Business Transactions

26
CREDIT
Rules for Asset Accounts:
Asset Accounts
1. Add (increase) on the same side (debit).
Debit Credit 2. Subtract (decrease) on the opposite side (credit).
Increase + Decrease - 3. The normal balance for an asset is a debit balance.
Balance

Rules for Liability and Owner’s Equity Accounts:

1. Add (increase) on the same side (credit).

Asset Accounts 2. Subtract (decrease) on the opposite side (debit).
Debit Credit 3. The normal balance for a liability or owner’s equity
Increase + Decrease - account is a credit balance.
Balance
Module 1 - Recording Business Transactions

USING THE T - ACCOUNT

27

On July 1 of the current year, Paul Brite started a TV repair business.

July 1 He invested P50,000 in cash to start his business.
3 Purchased for cash shop supplies worth P3,500.
5 Bright bought from A & G Company repair equipment costing P20,000 on credit.
8 Customers paid P12,000 cash for repair services rendered.
10 Brite made a partial payment to A & G Company, P15,000.
12 Customers were billed on account P14,000 for repair services rendered.
14 Rental for the month of July was paid, P6,000.
17 Collected P8,000 from customers as payment of their account.
19 Paid wages of assistant helper for the month of July, P4,000.
22 Bought additional shop supplies costing P7,500. A down payment of P3,000 was made and
the balance is payable at the end of the month.
25 Repair services rendered, P9,000. Received P4,500 as partial payment.
28 Repair supplies bought for cash and used for repairs amounted to P6,500.
31 Brite withdrew P10,000 for personal use.
 SOLUTION SAMPLE
(PROBLEM 2-a) T- Accounts
28 Cash Accounts Receivable Repair Equipment
7/1 50,000 7/3 3,500 7/12 14,000 7/17 8,000 7/5 20,000
7/8 12,000 7/10 15,000 7/25 4,500 Bal. 20,000
7/17 8,000 7/14 6,000 18,500 8,000
7/25 4,500 7/19 4,000
Bal. 10,500
7/22 3,000
7/28 6,500 Shop Supplies Accounts Payable
7/31 10,000
48,000 7/3 3,500 7/10 15,000 7/5 20,000
74,500 7/22 7,500 7/22 4,500
Bal. 26,500 Bal. 11,000 15,000 24,500
Bal. 9,500

Paul Brite, Capital Paul Brite, Drawing Repair Income

7/1 50,000 7/31 10,000 7/8 12,000
Bal. 50,000 Bal. 10,000 7/12 14,000
7/25 9,000
35,000
Bal. 35,000

Salary Expense Rent Expense Supplies Expense

7/19 4,000 7/14 6,000 7/28 6,500
Bal. 4,000 Bal. 6,000 Bal. 6,500
 TRIAL BALANCE
29

Purpose of the Trial Balance

1. To check the accuracy of

posting (recording in the T
accounts) by testing the equality
of the debits and credits.
2. It aids in locating errors posting.
A Trial Balance is a listing of all
3. It serves as a basis in the
the balances of the different preparation of the financial
accounts (assets, liabilities, statements.
capital, revenues and
expenses), as of a given time.
 SOLUTION SAMPLE PROBLEM
30
2-B
 BUSINESS TRANSACTION
Module 1 - Recording Business Transactions

31
FLOW
Source Documents

Journal Entries

Ledger Accounts

Trial Balance

Financial Statements
 BUSINES TRANSACTION
32
FLOW
Source Documents are the
different documents, business
forms and papers (e.g.
invoices, official receipts,
vouchers, memoranda,
deposit slips, check stubs,
cash register tapes, payroll
time cards, etc.) evidencing
or supporting a transaction,
which serve as the basis for
recording in the books of
accounts.
 BUSINES TRANSACTION
33
FLOW
The General Journal this is a two-
column journal, which is called
the book of origin entry because
this is the first book where the
business transactions are recorded.

The General Ledger this is called

the book of final entry because
Books of Accounts are the accounting this is the book where the business
books where business transactions transactions are finally recorded.
are recorded. The books of accounts
The ledger serves the same
consist of the GENERAL
purpose as the T account but more
JOURNAL and the GENERAL
LEDGER.
formal and detailed.
 THE GENERAL JOURNAL
34

Each entry made in the general journal

includes the following information, entered
in order.

1. The date of the transaction.

2. The name of the account debited
as well as the amount.
3. The name of the account credited
as well as the amount.
General Journal is an all 4. A posting reference (PR)
purpose journal in which all indicating the account number of
of a business’s transactions the amount.
may be recorded. 5. A short explanation of the
transaction.
 SAMPLE GENERAL JOURNAL FORM

35

Date – Month/ Day Amount Debited

Amount Credited

Account Title Debited Explanation

Account Title Credited Post Reference

 CHART OF ACCOUNTS
36

A listing of all accounts and their account (code)

number used for journalizing business transactions.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3
37

Nestor Martel, a Lawyer decided to open a law firm named Martel Law Firm.
The partial chart of accounts listed below is used for recording purposes:

Required:
a. Journalize the above transactions in the general journal.
b. Post each journal entry to the general ledger.
c. Prepare a trial balance at December 31 of the current year.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3
38

In December of the current year, the following transactions to place

Dec 2 Nestor Martel invested P60,000 cash to start his law practice.
4 A one-year insurance effective December 2 was paid, P6,000.
6 Office furniture worth P15,000 was purchased on account from EZ Furniture Company.
8 Office and computer supplies costing P2,500 was bought for cash.
11 Received from City Bank P60,000 for loan applied to be used in his law practice.
14 Purchased on credit a desktop computer and printer for office use worth P60,000 for Micro Systems Inc.
16 Received P12,500 cash for legal services rendered to Jose Lopez.
18 Paid P1,000 for Miscellaneous expenses incurred.
20 Received P10,500 cash for legal services rendered to clients.
22 Advertising placed on a local paper for three months effective December 1, was paid, P3,600.
25 Micro Systems, Inc. was partially paid, P45,000.
26 Collected accounts from various clients, P7,500.
27 Light, water and telephone use for the month of December was paid to the property-owner, P1,500
(Utilities expense)
28 The salary of the legal secretary was paid, P5,500.
29 Nestor Martel withdrew P12,000 for personal use.
30 Received P5,000 for legal services rendered.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3
39

Please refer t
o MS Excel S
heet 3 for the
solutions.
 THE GENERAL LEDGER
40

General Ledger is a book or file used by a business where

accounts are kept on separate pages or cards.
Account Name Account Number

GENERAL LEDGER
Accounts Receivable 102
Balance
Date Explanation PR Debit Credit
Debit Credit
Dec 24 G2 16,400.00 16,400.00
26 G2 7,500.00 8,900.00

Date of Entry Amount of Debit/Credit

Posting Reference for Entry
each entry Running Balance after each
entry
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3 - B
41

Please refer t
o MS Excel S
heet 4 for the
solutions.
 TRIAL BALANCE
42

A trial balance in which debits equals

credits is not necessarily error-free. A trial
balance may contain errors but still look
correct if:
1. No entry was made for a given
transactions.
2. A journal entry was not posted to the
general ledger.
3. A journal entry was posted twice.
4. Incorrect amounts were used to record a
given transaction.
5. Incorrect amounts were recorded for a
given transaction.
 ERROR CORRECTION
43

Transposition Error Example: P864 is written or

posted as P684 or P468.
Slide Error Example: P684.00 is written or posted as
P68.40 or P6.84.
Procedure to Correct Errors in Journalizing and
Posting:
1. Draw a straight horizontal-line through the error and
insert the correct title or amount if the entry is
incorrect or the posting is incorrect.
2. Make a correcting entry and post it to correct wrong
entry already posted.
Correcting Entry is an entry made in the general
journal to correct an error discovered.
 NATURE & ACCOUNTING
FOR MERCHANDISING
44
BUSINESS Sales – Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit
Gross Profit – Marketing and Administrative
Expenses = Profit

Merchandise are goods bought for

resale.

Merchandise Inventory unsold

merchandise at the end of a given period.

Fees Earned or Service Income –

Operating Expenses = Net Income
 ACCOUNTING FOR
45
PURCHASES

Two Methods or System:

1. Periodic Inventory System
2. Perpetual Inventory System
 TERMS TO REMEMBER
46

Purchase Requisition -
written request to order
items.
Purchase Order –
buyer’s formal order for the
merchandise.
Purchase Invoice - document
containing the list of terms
and quantity, description,
unit price, vat and total
cost of the items.
 TERMS TO REMEMBER
47

Cash or COD
2/10, n/30
2/EOM, n/60
2/10/EOM, n/60
Credit Terms
Credit Period

Purchase Discount - discount for the buyer’s

early payment.
Discount Period - period of time within w/c
the invoice must be paid.
Trade Discount - special discount from the
published list prices offered to large buyers.
 TERMS TO REMEMBER
48

Transportation In - transportation cost of merchandise purchased.

FOB Shipping Point - buyer is responsible for the freight charges for the merchandise
from the supplier’s shipping point.
FOB Destination - seller is responsible for the freight charges for the merchandise until it
reaches the buyer’s destination.
Freight Collect - buyer is to pay for the freight when the merchandise arrives.
Freight Prepaid - seller pays for the freight at the time of the shipment.
Purchase Returns and Allowances - reduction in purchases due to buyer’s return of
merchandise to the seller.
Debit Memorandum - a form used by the buyer to notify the seller of a return of
merchandise or allowance for damaged merchandise.
Credit Memorandum - a form used by the seller to notify the buyer that his account has
been credited for the returned merchandise or allowance for damaged merchandise.
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
49

Note: The amount P10,000 for the purchases of merchandise and 12% Vat
excluded is used for all the examples.

Example 1: June 1 - Purchased merchandise worth P10,000 for cash

per invoice No. 3857.
Entry: June 1 Purchases 10,000
Vat input tax 1,200
Cash 11,200
Note: If the invoice amount is VAT inclusive, divide the amount by 11 to
remove the Vat input tax and reduce cash.
Entry: June 1 Purchases 10,000
Cash 10,000
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
50

Example 2: June 1 - Purchased merchandise with

a list price of P10,000 for cash per invoice
No. 3857. Trade discount: 10% and 15%.

Entry: June 1 Purchases 7,650

Vat input tax 918
Cash 8,568
Computation: 10,000 x 90% x 85%

Note: The net invoice amount is the list price deducted by the
trade discounts
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
51

Example 3: June 2 - Purchased merchandise worth

P10,000 on account per Credit Invoice No. 1860. Terms: 15 days.
Entry: June 2 Purchases 10,000
Vat input tax 1,200
Cash 11,200
Note: If the purchase is a non-vat transaction, just remove Vat input tax and reduce
Accounts Payable.
Entry: June 2 Purchases 10,000
Accounts Payable 10,000

Payment June 17 Accounts Payable 11,200

Cash 11,200
Note: If the purchase is a non-vat, Accounts Payable payment will be P10,000.
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
52

Example 4: June 2 - Purchased merchandise with a list price

of P10,000 on account per Credit Invoice No. 1860.
Terms: 2/10, n/30

Entry: June 2 Purchases 10,000

Vat input tax 1,200
Cash 11,200

Payment June 17Accounts Payable 11,200

Cash 11,000
Purchase Discount 200

Note: Discount is computed based on the merchandise cost without

Vat. If the invoice is paid after June 12, there will be no cash
discount.
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
53

Example 4: If the terms is: 2/EOM, n/60

Payment June 30 Accounts Payable 11,200
Cash 11,000
Purchase Discounts 200

Note: If the invoice is paid after June 30, there will be no cash discounts.

Example 4: If the terms is: 2/10/EOM, n/60

Payment July 10 Accounts Payable 11,200
Cash 11,000
Purchase Discounts 200

Note: If the invoice is paid after July 10, there will be no cash discounts.
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
54

Example 5: June 4 - Purchased merchandise with a list price of

P10,000 on account per Credit Invoice No. 1865. Trade discount
is 20% and 10%. Terms: 2/10, n/30

Entry: June 4 Purchases 7,200

Vat Input Tax 864
Accounts Payable 8,064
Computation: 10,000 X 80% X 90%

Payment June 14 Accounts Payable 8,064

Cash 7,920
Purchase Discount 144
Discount: 7,200 X 2%

Note: If the invoice is paid after June 14, there will be no cash discounts.
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
55

Example 6: June 6 - Received merchandise with a price of

P10,000 on account per Credit Invoice No. 1870. FOB Shipping
Point, Freight Prepaid by the seller, P1,000. Terms: 2/10, n/30

Entry: June 6 Purchases 10,000

Transportation In 1,000
Vat Input Tax 1,320
Accounts Payable 12,320

PaymentJune 6 Accounts Payable 12,320

Cash 12,120
Purchase Discounts 200

Note: Freight or transportation cost is not included in computing the discount.

 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
56

Example 7: June 6 - Received merchandise with a price of P10,000

on account per Credit Invoice No. 1870. FOB Shipping Point, Freight
Collect by the seller, P1,000. Terms: 2/EOM, n/60

Entry: June 6 Purchases 10,000

Vat Input Tax 1,200
Accounts Payable11,200

Transportation In 1,000
VAT Input Tax 120
Cash 1,120

Payment June 30 Accounts Payable 11,200

Cash 11,000
Purchase Discounts 200
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
57

Example 8: June 8 - Received merchandise

with a price of P10,000 on account per
Credit Invoice No. 1880. FOB Destination,
Freight Prepaid, P1,000. Terms: 2/10, n/30.

Entry: June 8 Purchases 10,000

Vat Input Tax 1,200
Accounts Payable 11,200

Payment June 18 Accounts Payable 11,200

Cash 11,000
Purchase Discounts 200
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
58

Example 9: June 8 - Received merchandise

with a price of P10,000 on account per Credit
Invoice No. 1890. FOB Destination, Freight Collect,
P1,000. Terms: 2/EOM, n/60

Entry: June 8 Purchases 10,000

Vat Input Tax 1,200
Accounts Payable 10,200
Cash 1,000

Payment July 10 Accounts Payable 10,200

Cash 10,000
Purchase Discounts 200

Note: Freight cost paid is deducted from accounts payable and the discount is
computed from the invoice cost of the merchandise.
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Gross Method)
59

Example 10: June 2 - Purchased merchandise with a price of P10,000 on

account per Credit Invoice No. 1900. Terms: 2/10, n/30.
June 4 - Received credit memorandum from the seller for the
return of merchandise, P2,000.

Entry: June 2 Purchases 10,000

Vat Input Tax 1,200
Accounts Payable 11,200
Return June 4 Accounts Payable 2,240
Vat Input Tax 240
Purchase Returns and Allowances 2,000

Payment June 12 Accounts Payable 8,960

Cash 8,800
Purchase Discounts 160

Note: Discount is computed after returns and allowances are deducted from the invoice cost of the merchandise. When partial
payments are made on a particular invoice within the discount period, cash discount is not yet allowed. Cash discount is allowed only
if the invoice cost of the merchandise net of returns and allowances are paid in full within the discount period.
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Net Method)
60

Using Example 10 transaction without merchandise returns:

Entry: June 2 Purchases 9,800

Vat Input Tax 1,200
Accounts Payable 11,000

Return June 12 Accounts Payable 11,000

Cash 11,000

Note: If paid after the discount period, purchase Discount

Loss is debited.

Payment June 30 Accounts Payable 11,000

Purchase Discount Loss 200
Cash 11,200
 RECORDING PURCHASES AND PAYMENT
OF ACCOUNTS (Net Method)
61

Using Example 10 transaction with merchandise returns:

Entry: June 2 Purchases 9,800
Vat Input Tax 1,200
Accounts Payable 11,200
Return June 4 Accounts Payable 2,200
Vat Input Tax 240
Purchase Returns and Allowances 1,960
Payment June 12 Accounts Payable 8,800
Cash 8,800
Note: If paid after the discount period, purchase Discount Loss is debited.

Payment June 30 Accounts Payable 8,800

Purchase Discount Lost 160
Cash 8,960
 ACCOUNTING FOR SALES
62

Credit Memo is a form used by the seller to notify the buyer that his account is credited (the
amount is reduced) for the return of detective merchandise or allowance for damaged merchandise.

Sales Discount is a discount granted by the seller for early collection on a credit sale.

Sales Returns and Allowances are reduction in Sales, resulting from merchandise being returned
by the customer.

Transportation Out represents transportation costs of merchandise sold and shouldered by the
business.

Freight Out this represents the cost of transporting the merchandise sold from the seller’s place to
the buyer’s place which is to be shouldered by the seller (business).
 RECORDING SALES & COLLECTION OF
ACCOUNTS
63

Note: The amount P15,000 for the purchases of merchandise and 12% Vat excluded
is used for all the examples.

Example 1: June 2 - Sold merchandise worth P15,000 for cash per invoice
No. 1001.

Entry: June 2 Cash 16,800

Sales 15,000
Vat output tax 1,800

Note: If the sale is a non-vat transaction, just remove Vat Output Tax and reduce
cash.

Entry: June 2 Cash 15,000 Sales 15,000

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ACCOUNTS
64

Example 2: June 3 - Sold merchandise worth P15,000 for cash per

Credit invoice No. 101. Terms: 15 days

Entry: June 3 Accounts Receivable 16,800

Sales 15,000
Vat Output Tax 1,800

Payment June 18 Cash 16,800

Accounts Receivable 16,800

Note: Vat Output Tax minus Vat Input tax is remitted to the government.
 RECORDING SALES & COLLECTION OF
ACCOUNTS
65

Example 3: June 4 - Sold merchandise worth P15,000 per credit

invoice No. 102. Terms: 2/10, n/30.

Entry: June 4 Accounts Receivable 16,800

Sales 15,000
Vat output tax 1,800

Note: If the sale is a non-vat transaction, just remove Vat output tax and reduce Cash.

Entry: June 4 Accounts Receivable 16,800

Sales 15,000
Vat Output Tax 1,800

Payment June 14 Cash 16,500

Sales Discount 300
Accounts Receivable 16,800

Note: If the sale is a non-vat, Accounts Receivable credit will be P15,000.

 RECORDING SALES & COLLECTION OF
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66

Example 4: June 5 - Sold merchandise worth P15,000 on account per

Credit Invoice No. 103. FOB Shipping Point freight Collect, P1,000.
Terms: 2/10, n/30

Entry: June 5 Accounts Receivable 16,800

Sales 15,000
Vat output tax 1,800

Payment June 16 Cash 16,500

Sales Discount 300
Accounts Receivable 16,800

Note: The entries are the same as Example 3 because transportation costs
are shouldered by the customer and will be paid by the customer.
 RECORDING SALES & COLLECTION OF
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67

Example 5: June 6 - Sold merchandise worth P15,000 per Credit Invoice No.
104. FOB Shipping Point, Freight Prepaid, P1,000.
Terms: 2/10, n/30

Entry: June 6 Accounts Receivable 17,800

Sales 15,000
Vat output tax 1,800
Cash 1,000

Payment June 6 Cash 17,500

Sales Discount 300
Accounts Receivable 17,800

Note: The transportation costs prepaid is charged to the customer’s account.

 RECORDING SALES & COLLECTION OF
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68

Example 6: June 7 - Sold merchandise with a price of P15,000 per Credit Invoice
No. 105. FOB Destination, Freight Collect, P1,000. Terms: 2/10, n/30

Entry: June 9 Accounts Receivable 15,800

Transportation Out 1,000
Sales 15,000
Vat output tax 1,800

Payment June 19 Cash 15,500

Sales Discount 300
Accounts Receivable 15,800

Note: Transportation costs paid by the customer is deducted to the customer’s account.
 RECORDING SALES & COLLECTION OF
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69

Example 7: June 8 - Sold merchandise worth P15,000 per Credit

Invoice No. 106. FOB Destination, Freight Collect, P1,000. Terms: 2/10,
n/30. Merchandise was received on June 10.

Entry: June 10 Accounts Receivable 16,800

Transportation Out 1,000
Sales 15,000
Vat output tax 1,800 Cash 1,000

Payment June 19 Cash 16,500

Sales Discount 300
Accounts Receivable 16,800
 RECORDING SALES & COLLECTION OF
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70

Example 8: June 9 - Sold merchandise worth P15,000 per Credit Invoice

No. 107. Terms: 2/10, n/30.
June 10 - Received merchandise returns from the customer P2,000
and issued credit memorandum No. 001 (Assume Vat Excluded).

Entry: June 9 Accounts Receivable 16,800

Sales 15,000
Vat output tax 1,800

Return: June 10 Sales Returns and Allow 2,000

Vat Output Tax 240
Accounts Receivable 2,240

Payment June 19 Cash 14,300

Sales Discount 260
Accounts Receivable 14,560
 ACCOUNTS USED IN
71
COMPUTING GROSS PROFIT
PURCHASES &
SALES & RELATED COST OF GOODS
RELATED
ACCOUNTS SOLD
ACCOUNTS
 Sales  Purchases  Merchandise
 Purchase Returns Inventory
 Sales Returns
and Allowances  Purchases
and
 Purchase  Transportation In
Allowances
Discounts  Purchase Returns
 Sales  Freight In and Allowances
Discounts  Merchandise  Purchase
 Freight Out Inventory Discounts
 COST OF GOODS SOLD &
72
GROSS PROFIT
 STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(BY FUNCTION)
73