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    Hypertension

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    M Rais
    Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition where the force of blood against artery walls is too high. It is measured by systolic and diastolic pressure. There are different types and stages of hypertension. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, too much salt, alcohol, stress and certain medical conditions. Long term effects of uncontrolled hypertension include damage to arteries, heart, brain, kidneys and other organs leading to diseases like stroke and kidney failure. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, weight control, limiting salt as well as medication.

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    Hypertension

    Uploaded by

    M Rais
    85 views21 pages
    Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition where the force of blood against artery walls is too high. It is measured by systolic and diastolic pressure. There are different types and stages of hypertension. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, too much salt, alcohol, stress and certain medical conditions. Long term effects of uncontrolled hypertension include damage to arteries, heart, brain, kidneys and other organs leading to diseases like stroke and kidney failure. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, weight control, limiting salt as well as medication.

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    Hypertension (4)

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    Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition where the force of blood against artery walls is too high. It is measured by systolic and diastolic pressure. There are different types and stages of hypertension. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, too much salt, alcohol, stress and certain medical conditions. Long term effects of uncontrolled hypertension include damage to arteries, heart, brain, kidneys and other organs leading to diseases like stroke and kidney failure. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, weight control, limiting salt as well as medication.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    85 views21 pages

    Hypertension

    Uploaded by

    M Rais
    Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition where the force of blood against artery walls is too high. It is measured by systolic and diastolic pressure. There are different types and stages of hypertension. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, too much salt, alcohol, stress and certain medical conditions. Long term effects of uncontrolled hypertension include damage to arteries, heart, brain, kidneys and other organs leading to diseases like stroke and kidney failure. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, weight control, limiting salt as well as medication.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    HYPERTENSION

    & ITS EFFECTS


    PRESENTED BY:
     ZUNAIRA AKHTAR
     JAYESHA IQBAL
     NOOR HIJAB SIDDIQUI
     KHADIJA RAIS
     ZAINAB SAEED
     IREEBA ALI
     EMMAD AHMED
     MUHAMMAD UMAIR SIDDIQUI
    What is hypertension???
    Hypertension(or high blood pressure)is a common condition in which the long
    term force of the blood against your arteries walls is high enough to cause
    health problems”.
    It’s measurement is taken in two ways:
    Systolic pressure: (top number)
    The first, or upper, number measures the pressure in your arteries when your
    heart beats
    Diastolic pressure: (bottom number)
    The second , or lower, number measures the pressure in your arteries
    between beats.

    two
    STAGES:
    Following are the stages of blood pressure reading.
    TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
    The two basic types are: Other types are:

    PRIMARY HYPERTENSION: RESISTANT HYPERTENSION:


     Difficult to control
     Also known as essential
     Requires multiple medications
    hypertension
    MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION:
     Develops over the time with no
    identifiable cause  Causes damage to organs
     Emergency situation
    SECONDARY HYPERTENSION:
    ISOLATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION:
     Occurs quickly
     Systolic above 140 mmHg when diastolic is
     Can be more severe than under 70 mmHg
    primary hypertension  It is common in older people
     Stiffening of arteries with age
    CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION
    Smoking because the nicotine in cigarette smoke is a big
    part of the problem . It raises your blood pressure and
    heart rate , narrows your arteries and hardens their
    walls , and makes your blood more likely to clot.
    Being overweight or obese.
    Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during
    sleep apnea increase blood pressure and strain the
    cardiovascular system . Having obstructive sleep apnea
    increases your risk of high blood pressure(hypertension).
     Adrenal tumors because tumors like this cause the
    gland to produce elevated levels of the hormone
    aldosterone. This can lead to a condition known as
    Conn’s syndrome, in which the body retains sodium and
    water, resulting in bloating and severe high blood
    pressure.
     Hypothyroidism can weaken the heart muscle and
    heart rate, reducing the heart’s pumping capacity and
    increase the stiffening of blood-vessel walls. The
    combination of these changes can lead to hypertension.
     Certain defects you are born with(congenital)in blood
    vessels.
     Certain medications also play a role in fluctuating blood pressure
    from normal to high
    E.g. birth control pills and decongestants
     Illegal drugs can raise blood pressure by narrowing the arteries
    that supply blood to your heart. This increases your heart rate and
    damages your heart muscle. Examples of illegal drugs that can
    affect your heart include Cocaine and Amphetamines.
     If you have too much salt in your bloodstream your body increases
    the water volume in an effort to dilute it as a result of which the
    blood volume as well as blood pressure increases.
     When you are in a stressful condition, your body produces a surge
    of hormones. These hormones temporarily increase your blood
    pressure by causing your heart to beat faster and your blood
    vessels to narrow.
    SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
    Some of the possible symptoms of hypertension are:
     Headache
     Pain at the back of neck
     Flushing and hot flashes
     Nausea, sometimes vomiting
     Dizziness
     Drowsiness
    Severe hypertension may cause
     sudden and severe nosebleeds
     Irregular heart beat
     Shortness of breath
    RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION:
    They can be modifiable and non-modifiable:

    MODIFIABLE: NON-MODIFIABLE:
     being overweight or obese.  Increasing age
     physical inactivity.  Gender
     excess salt consumption.
     Genetics factors
     excess alcohol intake.
     Ethnicity
     Stress
     Socio-economic status
     Saturated fats
     Hyperlipidemia (Cholesterol, TGs)
     smoking
    EFFECTS OF
    HYPERTENSION
    Hypertension has serious effects on the
    various systems of the body.
    ON ARTERIES:
    When blood pressure is high, it can damage
    artery and blood vessel walls over time. This
    leads to dangerous complications and even
    death if left untreated.
    •Aneurysm, arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis.
    ON CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
    When the proper amount of blood can’t move
    through a blocked artery, it causes damage to
    the tissue or organ it’s supposed to reach. In
    the heart, this can mean chest pain, 
    irregular heartbeat, or a heart attack.
    ON NERVOUS SYSTEM:
    High blood pressure may play a role in dementia and cognitive decline over
    time. Reduced blood flow to the brain causes memory and thinking problems.
    Stroke( due to lack of oxygen and nutrients)
    Blood vessels in the eyes can be damaged as well. If they burst or bleed, it
    can cause vision difficulties, like blurriness or blindness.
    Fluid buildup under the retina is called choroidopathy.
    Retinopathy
    ON SKELETAL SYSTEM:
    High blood pressure can cause bone loss, known as osteoporosis, by
    increasing the amount of calcium your body gets rid of when you urinate.
    Women who have already gone through menopause are especially at risk.
    Osteoporosis weakens your bones and makes it easier for fractures and
    breaks to happen.
    ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
    Like the brain and heart, arteries in the lungs can be damaged and blocked. When the
    artery that carries blood to your lungs gets blocked, it’s called a pulmonary embolism.
    An aneurysm can also happen in the lungs.
    ON REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
    our sexual organs use extra blood flow during arousal. When high blood pressure
    causes blockages to the blood vessels leading to the penis or vagina, 
    sexual dysfunction may occur.
    ON URINARY SYSTEM:High blood pressure can damage the larger blood vessels
    leading to your kidneys and the smaller vessels inside your kidneys. Over
    time, this damage prevents the kidneys from doing their job properly. This is called
    kidney disease and can lead to kidney failure.

    Glomerulosclerosis: It refers to scarring or hardening of the glomeruli -- blood vessels


    located in the kidneys. The glomeruli filter the blood as it passes through the kidneys.
    They remove waste fluids that then leave the body as urine. Damaged glomeruli can't
    perform their job adequately. It can lead to kidney failure.

    Kidney failure:High blood pressure is one of the major causes of kidney failure. People
    with kidney failure no longer have the ability to remove waste from their body and
    will either need dialysis or a transplant.
    TREATMENT(a healthy takeaway)
    • Hypertension causes damage slowly over a long period of time without
    noticeable symptoms.
    • That is why it is important to practice healthy habits that includes
    A-nutrition(a balanced diet)
    B- exercise
    NUTRITION(A BALANCED DIET)
    • a process that provides required nutrients to the body in form of food and
    organic elements to maintain a proper metabolism in order to process body
    systems and body organs and their co-ordination.
    • EXERCISE
    • activities requiring physical effort carried out to sustain and improve body
    health and fitness.
    Sodium potassium
    ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FOR SUSTAINED B.P balance cycle
    ANTIOXIDANTS
    • Antioxidant is stable substance that provides electrons to free radicles in
    order to make them stable without unstabilizing itself.
    • By stabilizing free radicles(oxygen carrying substance with free electron)
    antioxidant frees the body from oxidative stress(imbalance between free
    radicles and antioxidant in body).
    POTASSIUM
    • Potassium maintains Na-K balance.
    • When Na level increases K oppose effects of ouabain (sensitive
    component of sodium pump) therefor oppose the raised levels of
    circulating inhibitor of Na+-K+-ATPase and inhibits excess sodium
    secretion.
    • when Na levels decreased K level increases and thus aldosterone is
    secreted by adrenal gland that targets kidney and reabsorption of Na
    balances Na-K level in the body.
    L-ARGININE
    • it is an amino acid that help produce nitric-oxide(NO)which can cause
    blood vessels dilation and helps in reducing blood pressure
    HERBS
    Following are the herbs that are use to reduce hypertension:
     GARLIC
     HAWTHORN
     INDIAN SNAKEROOT
     BARBERRY(BURBERIS VULGARIS)
    OTHER SUPPLEMENTS
     OMEGA 3-FATTY ACIDS
    These are polyunsaturated fatty acids.
    They lower blood pressure by directly activating large conductance of Ca+2 dependent K+ channels
    that provides critical vasodilatory influence.
     CoQ10(COENZYME Q10)
    this important compound plays role in energy production and acts as an antioxidant and reduces
    oxidative stress.
    Helps in reducing hypertension.
     MAGNESIUM
    Prevents vasoconstriction by supporting smooth muscle relaxation because Mg is antagonist to Ca.
    Low amount can cause hypertension
    DIETARY REQUIREMENTS
    • Diet to be allowed by hypertension patients should be in such a way
    that it reduce the body weight and excess fat and therefore reduce
    blood pressure .
    • The patient suffering from hypertension must avoid hot and spicy
    food which will be difficult to digest.
    • He/she should incorporate vegetarian diet which includes garlic ,
    lemon , bitter gourd etc.
    • Red meat, chocolates and sweets must be avoided.
    • Ghee and butter prepared from cow’s milk can be given but buffalo
    milk should be avoided.
    DIETARY PLAN TO STOP HYPERTENSION
    TYPE OF NO.OF SERVING FOR
    FOOD
    ( 160O-3100 CALORIE DIETS ) (2000 calorie diet)

    • Grains and products 6-12 7-8


    (includes 3 whole grain
    Food each day)
    • Fruits 4-6 4-5
    • Vegetables 4-6 4-5
    • Low fat or non-fat dairy
    Food 2-4 2-3
    • Lean meat, fish, poultry 1.5-2.5 2 or less
    • Nuts seeds legumes 3-6per week 4-5per week
    • Fats and sweets 2-4 limited
    MADITERRANIAN DIET:
    This diet is rich in cereals, fruits , vegetables, nuts , whole grains, fish
    and olive oil.
    Although it is traditional diet of Maditerranian region it has garnered
    in tersest all over the world in recent times.
    This diet has shown very beneficial results in many recent studies.
    THIRTY BENEFICIAL FOODS TO INCLUDE IN DIET:
    • Tomatoes ,potatoes ,carrots ,broccoli ,collard greens ,green
    beans ,artichokes ,spinach ,whole wheat bread ,muffin ,grits
    ,bananas ,oranges ,raisins ,orange juice ,melons ,mangoes ,peaches
    ,pineapples ,strawberries ,fat-free or low fat milk or low fat yoghurt
    ,lean meat ,fish ,poultry (broil ,roast ,or boil not fried
    one),almonds ,mixed nuts ,peanuts ,kidney beans ,sunflower
    seeds ,walnuts , amla and sgatvari(asparagus).
    HOW EXERCISE HELPS TO REDUCE HYPERTENSION???
    If you have elevated blood pressure, exercise can help you avoid developing
    hypertension. If you already have hypertension, regular physical activity can bring
    your blood pressure down to safer levels. Some examples of aerobic exercise you
    may try to lower blood pressure include walking, jogging, cycling, swimming or
    dancing. You can also try high-intensity interval training, which involves alternating
    short bursts of intense activity with subsequent recovery periods of lighter activity.
    Strength training also can help reduce blood pressure. Aim to include strength
    training exercises at least two days a week. Talk to your doctor about developing an
    exercise program.
    BEST EXERCISES FOR REDUCING HYPERTENSION:
    1.Ten minutes of brisk or moderate walking three times a day
    2. Thirty minutes a day of biking or stationary cycling, or three 10-minute blocks of
    cycling 3. Hiking 4. Desk tread milling or pedal pushing 5. Weight training
    6. Swimming
    THANKYO
    U

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