Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 44 views

    Physiology of Hearing: DR Masarat Nazeer

    Uploaded by

    Musarrat Nazeer
    The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It describes the anatomy of the ear including the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and directs sound waves through the auditory canal to the middle ear. The middle ear contains ossicles that transmit vibrations through the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. Within the cochlea, hair cells transduce the vibrations into neural signals transmitted by the auditory nerve. The pathways project bilaterally to multiple higher centers in the brain for processing and perception of sound.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Physiology of Hearing: DR Masarat Nazeer

    Uploaded by

    Musarrat Nazeer
    44 views12 pages
    The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It describes the anatomy of the ear including the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and directs sound waves through the auditory canal to the middle ear. The middle ear contains ossicles that transmit vibrations through the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. Within the cochlea, hair cells transduce the vibrations into neural signals transmitted by the auditory nerve. The pathways project bilaterally to multiple higher centers in the brain for processing and perception of sound.

    Original Description:

    PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF EAR AUDITORY PATHWAY MECHANISM OF HEARING APPLIED

    Original Title

    EAR--physiology

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It describes the anatomy of the ear including the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and directs sound waves through the auditory canal to the middle ear. The middle ear contains ossicles that transmit vibrations through the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. Within the cochlea, hair cells transduce the vibrations into neural signals transmitted by the auditory nerve. The pathways project bilaterally to multiple higher centers in the brain for processing and perception of sound.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    44 views12 pages

    Physiology of Hearing: DR Masarat Nazeer

    Uploaded by

    Musarrat Nazeer
    The document summarizes the physiology of hearing. It describes the anatomy of the ear including the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and directs sound waves through the auditory canal to the middle ear. The middle ear contains ossicles that transmit vibrations through the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. Within the cochlea, hair cells transduce the vibrations into neural signals transmitted by the auditory nerve. The pathways project bilaterally to multiple higher centers in the brain for processing and perception of sound.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING

    DR MASARAT NAZEER
    PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF EAR
    EAR—EXTERNAL EAR ,-MIDDLE EAR,-INNER EAR
    EXTERNAL EAR----It consists of the auricle (pinna) and external auditory canal.
    Pinna-- flap of elastic cartilage with rim called helix and lobule.
    It funnels the sound waves into the auditory canal
    It helps to establish the direction of sound waves
    Auditory canal-- (meatus) is a 2.5 cm long tube in the temporal bone extending
    from the auricle to the eardrum.It conducts the sound waves to the middle ear.
    The pinna and the external auditory canal together produce a 15 dB increase in
    the sound intensity due to their characteristic shape.
    MIDDLE EAR (tympanic cavity) is a rectangular air-filled compartment in the
    temporal bone The middle ear contains three bony ossicles and two ossicular
    muscles.
    Tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a thin elastic semitransparent conical
    membrane about 50–90 mm2 in surface area, with its apex (called umbo)
    toward the middle ear. Acts as a resonator, it critically dampens the sound
    waves.
    • AUDITORY OSSICLES;-These are three small bones, the malleus (hammer),
    the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). They extend across the middle ear
    cavity one joined to the other. The pressure waves travel through the
    ossicular chain and produce vibrations of the footplate of stapes, which
    then transmits the vibrations to the perilymph of the inner ear through oval
    window.
    • AUDITORY MUSCLES;-Stapedius (dampens the vibrations transmitted to the
    inner ear )and tensor tympani (more responsive to the sound waves) are
    two tiny skeletal muscles attached to the stapes and the malleus,
    respectively.
    • EUSTATIAN TUBE;- connects the middle ear with the pharynx and equalizes
    the air pressures on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
    INTERNAL EAR or LYBRINTH;-- consists of BONY and MEMBRANOUS LYBRINTH
    BONY LYBRINTH---contains fluid called PERILYMPH
    MEMBRANOUS LYBRINTH—contains fluid called ENDOLYMPH
    consists of the auditory apparatus (cochlea) and the vestibular apparatus
    (the saccule, utricle, and the semicircular canals).
    The function of cochlea is transduction of the sound energy into action
    potentials in the cochlear nerve fiber.
    ORGAN OF CORTI is a specialized structure HAIR CELLS contains cillia or stercocillia
    On Basilar membrane, contains HAIR CELLS. And are connected to nerve fibers.
    Converts mechanical energy into action
    Potential in the choclear nerve.
    AUDITORY PATHWAY
    The auditory pathways, in
    general,
    have five order of neurons
    CHARECTERISTICS;-
    •extensive bilateral projection.
    multiple higher centers.
    • tonotopic organization
    Primary Auditory Cortex
    The primary auditory cortex (Brodmann area
    41) is located in the sylvian fissure, in the
    superior portion of the temporal lobe
    Brodmann Area 22
    Brodmann area 22 processes auditory signals
    related to speech. In the right hemisphere, it
    processes the intensity, pitch, and melody of
    speech. In the left side, it helps in
    understanding the words that is being spoken.
    PLANUM TEMPORALE: Planum temporale, a
    part of the posterior superior temporal gyrus
    processes auditory signals related to language

    The efferent fibers originating from auditory


    cortex project to the medial geniculate body,
    inferior colliculus, and cerebellum via pons

    .
    MECHANISM OF HEARING
    • Sound waves are alternate compression and rarefaction of molecules that
    strike the tympanic membrane to produce the sensation of sound. The
    waves originate from a vibrating source (like vocal cord, tuning fork, etc.)
    and travel through an elastic medium like air or water.
    • The amplitude of sound waves determines the loudness or intensity of the
    sound. The greater the amplitude, the louder is the sound.
    • The human audibility curve ranges from 0 dB to 100 dB, and the human ear
    is more sensitive to intensity of about 60 dB at a frequency of 1,000–4,000
    Hz.
    • The hearing threshold for a given sound increases in the presence of
    background sounds or noise. This phenomenon is known as MASKING.
    • TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES occurs by
    OSSICULAR CONDUCTION,AIR CONDUCTION and BONE CONDUCTION.
    TRANSDUCTION OF SOUND WAVES
    • The mechanical energy (pressure waves) of sound is converted into
    receptor potentials in the hair cell and finally gets conducted as action
    potentials in the auditory pathways.
    • Resting State of Hair Cell
    • In the resting state, two potentials are recorded from the ear.
    i. Resting membrane potential of the hair cell
    ii Endocochlear potential.

    The CHOCHLEA encodes the frequency and amplitude of sound waves that is
    further processed in the auditory pathway higher up in the cortex.
    • Thus, the cochlea acts as a fine transducer as well as a frequency
    analyzer.
    CHOCHLEAR POTENTIALS ;- These are cochlear microphonic (CM),
    summation potentials (SP), and nerve action potentials (AP).
    APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY EAR
    HEARING DEFECTS
    DEAFNESS
    1) Conductive;--
    2) Sensorineural
    3) Mixed
    TESTS FOR HEARING
    Rinne’s test
    Weber’s test
    Schwabach’s test
    AUDIOMETRY
    Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response(BAER)

    TREATMENT OF DEAFNESS
    Hearing aids
    Cochlear implants

    DISEASES OF EAR

    • OTITIS EXTERNA (SWIMMER’S EAR)


    • ACUTE SUPURRATIVE OTITIS MEDIA(ASOM)
    • CHRONIC SUPURRATIVE OTITIS MEDIA(CSOM)
    • OTOSCLEROSIS
    • MENIER’S DISEASE
    • AUCOSTIC NEUROMAS

    You might also like