INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Current Transformers(CT’s) are used to

step down the currents for the purpose
of measurement,protection and control
Secondary ratings 1 or 5A
For ex. 10,000/5A , 100/1A
Voltage Transformer(VT’S)
Secondary ratings 110V,115V
For ex. 400KV/110V, 230KV/115V
RELAY CIRCUIT
Fault Definition

 When current is not flowing in

intended path
 When magnitude is not relevant
 When basic quality is lost
 When abnormal conditions observed.
 Abnormal Operating condition
 Insulation failure
 Phase to phase fault(2 phase or 3
phase)
 Variations in load like unbalanced load
 System instability like frequency and
voltage variation
 Power swings and reverse power
 Temperature Rise
Current Transformers

 Classified into 3 categories.

 Metering
 Protection class(5P10/5P20)
 Special Class (PS)
 Protection class CT
 5P10
 PSClass CT
 Vk normally specified.
 Ie (max)specified.
 Voltage induce is normally high with very
minimum current.
 Normally used in Differential Protection
requiring very fast action.
 FUNCTION:
 It transformers the high value primary
current to a substantially low value
secondary current which can be fed
directly to the measuring instruments for
measuring the current and power in the
main circuit.
 The secondary current can also be fed to
protective relays, which operate the
protective gear in the event of any fault in
the power system.
 Another important function of the current
transformer is to isolate the high voltage side
of the network from the CT secondary side so
that the secondary side can be handled safely.
Some times a current transformer may be used
simply to isolate the secondary side from the
main circuit by introducing a CT with 1:1
transformation ratio. Such an arrangement is
sometimes used to measure small currents at
high voltage in a testing laboratory.
 The current transformer can be used to give a
feed back of actual load to certain control
devices such as automatic voltage regulators
Knee point voltage: That point on the magnetizing
curve where an increase of 10% in the flux density
(voltage) causes an increase of 50% in the
magnetizing force (current).
 RATIO ERROR

(KnIs -Ip)
Ratio error = x 100
Ip
Where,
Kn = Rated transformation ratio
Ip = Primary current
Is= Actual secondary current when Ip is
flowing in the Primary.
 PHASE DISPLACEMENT:

 Phase displacement is the difference between phases of

primary and secondary current vectors. This is normally
expressed in minutes. Phase displacement is said to be
positive when the secondary current vector leads the
primary current vector.
 Primary current – Exciting Current = Secondary
Current when all the values are referred to either
primary or secondary side. Hence the CT will have
poor accuracy if the exciting current is large. To
keep the errors low, the exciting current should be
kept as low as possible. This can be achieved by:
 Keeping the burden low
 Keeping the flux density low by providing large
cross section of the core.
 Keeping the mean length of core as low as possible.
This is done by suitable design techniques for the
primary coil insulation.
 Providing high ampere turns for the primary and
secondary winding. When the ampere-turns are
increased the exciting current is decreased and
the accuracy is improved.
 Using core material of a very high permeability
such as Mu metal. Since this is a very costly
material, this will increase the cost of the CT.
 PROTECTIVE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE

APPLICATION :

 Protective current transformers used in association with

special purpose application such as differential protection
and distance protection schemes are designated as PS
class CTs. For the PS class transformers, current ratio
errors and phase angle errors are not specified, but
instead, the turns ratio error, the minimum knee point
voltage, maximum permissible exciting current and the
maximum secondary winding resistance at 75o C are
specified.
 There shall not be any turns correction for the PS class
cores and the error in turns ratio shall not exceed +
0.25%.
 The following are the various aspects
associated with the fault current through
the current transformers.
 Large error in ratio and phase angle.
 Excessive heating
 Development of mechanical forces high
enough to deform the winding and leads.
 Generation of transient voltage rises.
 Saturation of core may be produced by the excessive
symmetrical fault currents as well as by the lower
magnitude of fault currents. Hence distortion of out
put current will occur causing large errors.
 There are three sources of heating in CTs. Viz.
magnetic, I2R losses in secondary and primary
windings, I2R loss in primary winding under fault
conditions will be significant. This cannot be
dissipated so quickly by conduction or convection
and hence the temperature of the winding will rise
sharply. If the current density is so high, it may even
cause to melt the winding.
 Mechanical forces may deform or displace
the windings. The forces have the
greatest value during the first amplitude.
This occurs at a very short interval after
the incidence of short circuit and
thereafter declines rapidly towards its
steady current value. This short duration
for the maximum forces will have an
impulsive or hammer effect.
 ratio error = Kn(Vs-Vp) x 100 percent
Vp
Where Kn = rated transformation ratio
Vs= actual secondary voltage when Vp is applied under the
conditions of measurement and
Vp = the actual primary voltage
The phase displacement is the difference in phase between
the primary voltage and the secondary voltage vectors, the
direction of the vectors being so chosen that the angle is
zero for a perfect transformer.
 FAULTS
SYSTEM FAULTS
 INSULATION FAILURE
 POLLUTION, EXCESS CURRENT, OVER VOLTAGE

NON SYSTEM FAULTS

 INCORRECT SETTING
 FAULTY OR INCORRECT CONNECTION
 OPERATING PERSONNEL MISTAKE
 NOT PROPER CLOSING OF BREAKER
 FAULTS
SYSTEM FAULTS
 INSULATION FAILURE
 POLLUTION, EXCESS CURRENT, OVER VOLTAGE

NON SYSTEM FAULTS

 INCORRECT SETTING
 FAULTY OR INCORRECT CONNECTION
 OPERATING PERSONNEL MISTAKE
 NOT PROPER CLOSING OF BREAKER
 Maintenance schedule for Current Transformer

Work to be Period Action required if inspection shows

carried out unsatisfactory condition
Check paint work Yearly Repaint after cleaning the surfaces
to be painted
Check oil level & Quarterly Maintain required level
observe the colour
of the coil
Check the Half If low, obtain advice from
I.R.Values of the yearly manufacturer
windings of the
CTs and compare
with the values at
the time of
commissioning
Check tightness of Half Tighten loose nuts & bolts
mounting nuts & yearly
bolts and jumpers
Clean & check Half If cracks observed on
insulator yearly insulator,obtain advice from
manufacturer
Oil dielectric Yearly Take oil sample from drain valve
strength & and test for dielectric strength and
moisture content moisture content. If the dielectric
strength is lower, moisture content
is high as compared to the values as
per relevant standards the oil
should be filtered
 Maintenance schedule for Potential Transformer

Work to be Periodicity Action required if inspection

carried out shows unsatisfactory condition
Check oil level & Quarterly Maintain required level
observe the
colour of the coil
To check the Quarterly Maintain required values
earth results of
the base for the
CVTs
Check tightness Half yearly Tighten loose nuts & bolts
of mounting nuts
& bolts and
jumpers
Clean the Half yearly Disconnect the VT from the
insulators and supply, inspect & clean HV
check paint work insulators
Oil dielectric Yearly Take oil sample from drain valve
strength & and test for dielectric strength and
moisture content moisture content. If the dielectric
strength is lower, moisture content
is high as compared to the values
as per relevant standards the oil
should be filtered
TYPE TEST
COMMISSIONING TEST

ROUTINE TEST

SPECIAL TEST
 

CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS:

TYPE TESTS:

The following are the type tests for current

transformers as per IS: 2705-1981
Verification of terminal markings and polarity
High voltage power frequency test on primary
winding
High voltage power frequency test on secondary
winding
Over voltage inter turn test.
Determination of error according to the
requirements of appropriate accuracy class.
Short time current tests.
Temperature rise test
Impulse voltage test
Switching surge test for CTs above 245 kV class
ROUTINE TESTS
 Verification of terminal markings and polarity
 High voltage power frequency test on primary
winding
 High voltage power frequency test on
secondary winding
 Over voltage inter turn test and
 Determination of error according to the
requirements of appropriate accuracy class.
SPECIAL TESTS

 The following special tests may be carried out by

mutual agreement between the purchaser and the
manufacturer.
 High voltage power frequency wet withstand
voltage test on outdoor current transformer.
 Note: If the porcelain casing has already been

tested for the above separately, then the full

assembly need not be tested once again.
 Commissioning tests

 Partial discharge test

 Tangent delta measurement

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTS
TYPE TESTS
 The following are the type tests for voltage transformer
as per IS: 3156-1978
 Verification of terminal markings and polarity
 Power frequency dry withstands tests on primary
winding.
 Power frequency dry withstands tests on secondary
winding.
 Determination of errors according to the requirements of
the appropriate accuracy class.
 Temperature rise test.
 Impulse voltage test.
ROUTINE TESTS:

 Verification of terminal marking and polarity

 Power frequency dry withstand test on
primary winding.
 Power frequency dry withstands tests on
secondary winding.
 Determination of errors according to the
requirements of the appropriate accuracy
class.
SPECIAL TESTS

 The following special tests may be carried out

by mutual agreement between the purchaser
and the manufacturer.
 High voltage power frequency wet withstand voltage test
on outdoor voltage transformers.
 Note: If the porcelain weather casing has
already been tested for the above test separately,
then the full assembly need not be tested once
again.

Commissioning tests.
INSTALLATION
 After the instrument transformers are received at site, they
shall be inspected to confirm whether any damage has
occurred during transit. In case any oil leakage is noticed
the same shall be arrested immediately to prevent ingress
of moisture. Then the same shall be referred to the
manufacturer a sought his advice.
 Secondary windings of current transformers shall not be
kept open circuited when current is passing through the
primary winding. Hence care shall be taken to ensure that
the secondary terminals are shorted.
 While lifting the instrument transformers, it is necessary to
ensure that they are lifted vertically. Tilt of the hermetically
sealed equipment from the vertical shall be limited to
ensure that the nitrogen shall not pass into the porcelain
shell and come in contact with the main insulation.
 If the instrument transformer is not provided with a
sling guide at the top, the slings shall betied to the
porcelain shell properly while lifting.
 Since the instrument transformers are despatched
from the factory in a completely assembled and
hermetically sealed condition, there is no need for any
assembly work at site. It can be installed readily.
 There is no need of extraction of oil for sampling or
filtration and if the oil filling or drain plug is opened,
the hermetic sealing will be lost and it is necessary to
seal it again.
 Positive earthing shall be made at the earth terminals
before commissioning.
 Oil level in the equipment shall be checked
periodically. Any abnormal change in oil level
indicates oil leakage and should be
investigated.
 Cleaning of porcelain insulators and painting of
ferrous outer parts are to be carried out at
regular intervals depending on the atmospheric
pollution conditions.
 The usual practice is to use the following test voltage
for determining the insulating resistance:
    10/5KV megger for EHV transformers
    2.5kV Megger for windings of 10.5kV and above
  1000V Megger for windings of 3.3kV and above
   500V Megger for windings of LT Voltages
   250V for thermocouples embedded in winding.
Polarization index guide for evaluation of transformer insulation
condition:

IR10/IR1
= less than 1.0 - dangerous
= 1.0 to 1.1 - suspicious(poor)
= 1.1 to 1.25 - questionable
= 1.25 to 2.0- good
= above 2.0 - very good
The prescribed limits of dielectric strength are as follows:

Rating Fresh oil Oil in service

Up to 10kv 35kv 20kv

11kv to 33kv 35kv 25kv

33kv to 220kv 40kv 35kv

220kv to 500kv 50kv 45kv

 PREPARATION OF SILICAGEL
NON INDICATING TYPE: -
The silicagel of 3 to 7mm sizes is impregnated with calcium chloride solution.
The preparation of non-indicating type silicagel: - Take calcium chloride 4 parts by
weight and 8 parts of water (1:2). Mix these two into a solution. Take 10 parts of dry
silicagel (at 60oC ) by weight and add this to the solution and stirred. (The thickness of
layer of silicagel is not to exceed 150mm for thorough impregnation). Heat the
prepared material to a temperature of 400 oC for 3 hours.
 
INDICATING TYPE: -
The silicagel of 3 to 7 mm sizes is impregnated with cobalt chloride solution.
Preparation of indicating silicagel: - Take cobalt chloride 0.3 parts by weight 0.3
parts of water (1:1) and mix these two in to a solution. Take ten parts by weight dry
silicagel and then added. The mixture along with silicagel is allowed to stand still till
the entire solution is absorbed. Heat the prepared material to a temperature of 100 oC -
120oC for 15 to 20 hours until it acquires uniform sky blue colour.
 IS: 2705 (Part-I) - Specification for current transformers
1.
1981 – General requirements
IS: 2705 (Part-II) - “ - Measuring current
2.
1981 transformers
IS: 2705 (Part-III) - “ - Protective current
3.
1981 transformers
“ - Protective current
IS: 2705 (Part-IV) - transformers
4.
1981 for special purpose
application.
IS: 3156 (Part-I) - Specification for voltage transformer
5.
1978 - General requirements
IS: 3156 (Part-II) - “ - Measuring voltage
6.
1978 transformers
IS: 3156 (Part-III) - “ - Protective voltage
7.
1978 transformers
 IS: 3156 (Part- “ - Capacitor voltage
8.
IV) - 1978 transformers
IEC: 185 - Current Transformers
9.
1987
IEC: 186 - Voltage Transformers
10.
1987
IS: 5621 - Hollow insulators for use in
11.
1980 electrical equipment
IS: 2099 - Bushings for alternating voltages
12.
1986 above 1000 Volts
IS: 3716 - Application guide for insulation co-
13.
1978 ordination
 RMK Product Lines
 Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer (CT): 72,5 to 420 kV
Voltage Transformer (VT): 72,5 kV
Capacitive Voltage Tansformer (CVT): 72,5 to 420 kV

 Line Traps (LT)

 Condensor Bushings (72,5 to 420 kV)

 Lightning Arresters (LA) 60 Kv to 420 kv

Electrical
Networks

Generation

Distribution

Transmission
 Substations
Bus Bar

Line switches

PT
CT
Circuit breakers

CVT

Power
G Generator
Line Bay Power Transformers
 AIS Substation
(Line Bay) (Line switches)

CVT (Bus bar)

(Circuit breakers)
CT
 Protection system employed in
HV/EHV sub stations with the type of
relays
PROTECTION SYSTEM
EMPLOYED
TYPE OF RELAYS
USED TODAY
TYPE OF RELAYS USED
EARLIER

DISTANCE PROTECTION NUMERICAL ELECTROMECHANICAL

POWER TRANSFORMER NUMERICAL / STATIC ELECTROMECHANICAL

DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
BUS BAR DIFFERENTIAL NUMERICAL/STATIC ELECTROMECHANICAL
PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT & NUMERICAL/ STATIC ELECTROMECHANICAL
EARTHFAULT PROTECTION
LOCAL BREAKER BACK UP ELECTROMECHANICAL ELECTROMECHANICAL
PROTECTION ( LBB ) / NUMERICAL / STATIC
OVERVOLTAGE NUMERICAL ELECTROMECHANICAL
PROTECTION
 Instrument
Transformer
Voltage sensor Magnetic circuit (core)
Sensing
Primary
function
Windings
Secondary
Windings
U1
U2
 Substations
Bus Bar

Line switches

PT
CT
Circuit breakers

CVT

Power
G Generator
Line Bay Power Transformers
Instrument
Transformer
Current sensor
Sensing
function
I2

I1
 Instrument
Transformer
Current sensor
Multiple secondary
Sensing
I2
function

I2
I1
 Definition of
an
Ip Instrument
Primary Magnetic core

Transformer
U p
Ip
TC : K=
Windings Is

K:
Transformation
Up
ratio TP : K=
Us

Us
Secondary Is
Definition of an
Voltage Transformer :
Instrument Transformer
Primary
U1
U1 n1
 K
n1 U2 n2
K : Transformation
ratio

n2
U2
Secondary
 Definition of an
Instrument Transformer
Current Transformer :

I1 Primary
n1 .I 1  n 2 .I 2
n1 I1 n 2
 K
K : Transformation
I 2 n1
ratio
Ampere-Turns
Conservation
n2 Law

Secondary I2
 Instrument
Transformer
Error
Primary
Up
Voltage
VoltageTransformer
Transformer::
Up (theoretically = k.US)
K
: Phase error
K.Us
Us :Rat
io e
rror
Secondary

Up
k
Us
 Instrument Transformer
Error
Primary
Ip

Current
Currenttransformer
transformer::
Ip
K

: Phase error
K.Is
:Rat
io e
rror
Secondary Is

Ip
TC : K=
Is
 Remi
nder
EMF Equation

Eeff  4 , 44 .n.f.B.S Volts,W/m²,m²

Eeff  2 .n.B.S. 10 6 at 50 Hz,Gauss, cm²

Electrodynamical Forces

2.I 1 .I 2 .L 7
I1 I2 L
F .10 [N, m, A] F F
D
 Magnetizatio
n curve Double logarithmic graph
1 Tesla = 104 Gauss

105
Induction [Gauss]

18.000 Gauss

104
Compared to reference curves

103

102
10-3 10-2 10-1 1
Magnetic field [AT/cm]
 Remi
nder
Hysteresis cycle
Induction [B]
Br

Hc Magnetic
field [H]

Br : Remanent Induction
Hc : Coercive field
 Remi
nder
Equivalent scheme of a coil with sinusoidal current

R cuivre
A
U
Iw I
I0 I0
L0 Iw
RH  
U RCF
I
  
i0  i  iw
RMK
Existing
range
•Instrument Transformer
•Current Transformers
•Hair_Pin design
•Eye-Bolt design
•Top-Core design

•Capacitor Voltage Transformers

•Lightning Arresters
Existing
range
3 CT design
Design CT Type Voltage Range

Hair-Pin ITT - IT 245 to 420 kV

Eye-Bolt IT 245 kV

Top-Core KT 72 to 145 kV
 Eye Bolt
Design IT 72.5-245
1. Dome
2. Collar
3. Top casting
4. Insulator
5. Active part
6. Bottom casting
7. Tank
8. Support frame
9. Secondary cores
10. Pressure relief valve
11. Primary terminal
IT
IT range
range
 Eye Bolt Design IT
IT range
range
Active part
manufacturing
Primary conductor (1,2 or 4 turns)

Primary steel pipe

Paper insulation

Secondary cores
Eye Bolt Design IT
IT range
range
Active part
manufacturing
 Design IT
IT range
range
Vacuum
treatment
High vacuum (0.01 mm Hg)
High Temperature (105 °C)

Oven
Target
Target::
Remove
Removeallallthe
thewater
watertrapped
trapped
in
inthe
thepaper
paper(and
(andin
inother
other Active
materials)
materials)during
duringinsulation
insulation part
process
process

Duration
Duration::
Up
Upto
to33weeks
weeks
 Eye Bolt
Design Nitrogen filling

IT
IT rangeAssembly
range
Upper Tank

Oil filling

Porcelain insulator

Active part

Bottom Tank

Secondary terminal box

Eye Bolt
Design IT
IT range
range

Assembly
Summary of Technical data :
Rated voltage : 123 to 245 kV
Technolgy : Eye-Bolt
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Primary reconnection : 1-2
Rated primary current : 1200 Amp (1440 max)
Short circuit current : 40 kA 1”

Total weight (kg)

kV 72.5 145 245
kg 700 750 1200
range ITT
ITT range
range
Hair-Pin
ITT 245
design IT 400

Tuyau
range ITT
ITT range
range
Hair-Pin
design
Summary of Technical data :
Rated voltage : 245 to 420 kV
Technolgy : Hair-Pin
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Primary reconnection : 1-2
Rated primary current : 3000 Amp (3000 max)
Short circuit current : - 40 kA 1” (245 kV)
- 60 kA 1” (420 kV)
Total weight (kg)
kV 245 420
kg 1400 2300
range KT
KT range
range
Top Core
design KT 36
……..
KT 245
1. Dome
2. Oil level indicator
3. Primary terminals
5. Upper tank
6. Upper flange
7. Insulator
8. Active part
9. Base
10.Multibushing
11.Pressure relief valve
range KT
KT range
range
Top Core
design
Summary of Technical data :
Rated voltage : 72.5 to 245 kV
Technolgy : Top-core
Expansion device : Nitrogen
Primary reconnection : 1-2
Rated primary current : 2000 Amp (2400 max)
Short circuit current : - 40 kA 1” (145 kV)
- 50 kA 1” (245 kV)
Total weight (kg)
kV 72.5 145 245
kg 250 500 850
 Current
CEI
Transformers
CEI600
60044-1
44-1

Protection
Accuracy classes (Protection)

accuracy classes
Maximum current error in % of I P

Accuracy limit primary current = f .I L N

Burden :SN

Cla sse Ra tio e rro r Ph a se Co m p o site

a t In d isp la ce m e n t e rro r a t
a t In fL.IN
5 P  1 %  6 0 m in .  5 %
10 P  3 %  10 %
 Factors for
Protection
OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

Parameters

1. ALF ( accuracy limiting factor)

2. Composite error
 Factors for
Protection
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor

What is Accuracy Limiting factor ?

It is the factor of over current above the rated current which

determines the capability of CT to maintain the error at such
a condition.

2. Composite error

It is the error of the CT when this over current is applied.

 Current
Composite error :
Transformers CEI
CEI600
60044-1
44-1

Protection
Under steady-state accuracy
conditions, classes
the r.m.s. value of the difference
between:
a) the instantaneous values of the primary current, and
b) the instantaneous values of the actual secondary current multiplied
by the rated transformation ratio
T
c 
100 1
 K n I s  i p  2 .dt
Ip T 0

Kn is the rated transformation ratio;

Ip is the r.m.s. value of the primary current;
ip is the instantaneous value or the primary current;
is is the instantaneous value of the secondary current;
T is the duration of one cycle.
 Factors for
Protection
1. Accuracy Limiting Factor/composite error

For e.g if the class designation is 5P20

20 is the Accuracy limiting factor which signifies that when

20 times the rated primary current is applied the composite
error of 5P( +/- 5%) is maintained.

Typical Class designations are

5P10, 5P20, 10P10, 10P20 etc.,

 Factors for
Protection
TRANSFORMER AND BUSBAR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Parameters

1. Knee Point Voltage requirement(Vk)

2. Exciting current ( Io)

3. Resistance of CT (Rct)
 Current
Transformers
Induction
B [T]
Saturation 18500 gauss

Protection CT
curve

8000 gauss

Metering CT
Primary current
Ip/In
10 20 30 40
 Factors for
Protection
1. Knee Point Voltage(Vk):

Knee point voltage is point beyond which an application

of 10% of voltage increases the exciting current by 50%.

The typical equations for Vk ( based on relay used)

Vk > 24 In (Rc t+2RL)- for Transformer Differential

Where In: Relay rated current

RL = Total lead Resistance
Rc t = CT secondary resistance
Current
Transformers
Type tests
Type Tests
IEC
IEC600
60044-1
44-1
a) short-time current tests
b) temperature rise test
c) lightning impulse test
d) switching impulse test
e) wet test for outdoor type transformers
f) determination of errors
 Intrument
Transformers
Lightning impulse test - Full wave (1.2/50 s)
Lighting impulse
BIL
Impulse
100 %
U tests
90
TT11=1,67
=1,67xx((tt9090--tt3030))
Front
Queue
50

30

t
T
Simulates a lightning stroke
T1 overvoltage travelling along a HV
T2 transmission line
 Intrument
Transformers
Switching impulse test (250/2500 s)
Impulse
100 %
U tests TTcrcr==250
90 250s
s
TT22==2500
2500s
s
Tc

50

t
Tcr
T2
Simulates overvoltages resulting
from line switches operations
 Intrument
Transformers
Lightning impulse (chopped wave)
Impulse
100 %
U tests Imulse
Imulsewave
chopped
waveisis
90 choppedbybyusing
using
a sparking gaps after
sparking gaps after
22àà55s
s

30

t
Tc
Simulates a flash over on an
insulator resulting from a
lightning stroke
 Intrument
Transformers
Lightning impulse - chopped on the front
Impulse
100 %
U tests
90 1,2s
TTcc << 1,2 s

30

t
Tc
Simulates a direct lightning on the
transformer. The quick voltage increase
provoke a floshover.
 Instrument
Transformers
Copped impulse wave [EDF 600 impulses]
Impulse
T test
c
h
t

TTcc  0,5
0,5s
s

hh  0,3H
0,3H
H

U EGAT THA
Qualification
 Current
Transformer
Routine tests
CEI
CEI600
CEI
60044-1
60-1
CEI 60-1
44-1

Routine
The following tests apply to each individual transformers:
a) verification of terminal markings
tests withstand test on primary winding
b) power-frequency
c) partial discharge measurement
d) power-frequency withstand test on secondary windings
e) power-frequency withstand tests, between sections
f) inter-turn overvoltage test
g) determination of errors
The order of the tests is not standardized, but determination of errors
shall be performed after the other tests.
Typical ( Maximum) lead
lengths based on voltage level
of substations
Voltage Level in kV Lead Length in Meters
400 1000

220 800

132 500
Typical Burdens - Analog and
Digital Meters
( Current Transformer Circuit )
METERS/LOADS TYPICAL VA TYPICAL VA
BURDEN BURDEN
( ANALOG TYPE ) ( DIGITAL TYPE )

AMMETER 1 0.5

WATTMETER & 1 0.1

VARMETER
ENERGY METER 1 0.1

PF METER 1 0.1
TRANSDUCER 1
TOTAL 5 1.8
Typical Burden Calculation
400kV Current Transformer
Metering core
The max burdens of all the meters/load = 5 VA (approx) considering analog
meters and max lead length for 400kV switchyard = 1000 meters

The control cable size is 2.5 sq.mm. Always 2 runs of cable are used. Resistance of
2.5sq.mm cable is 8.5 ohms per kilometre for 2 runs of cable it is 4.25 Ohms

Therefore the burden of the lead length is = 2* isec 2 * r * 1kM

= 2 *1*1* 4.25
= 8.5 VA
the optimum total burden = 5 + 8.5 = 13.5VA

therefore realistic burden required is 15 or 20 VA

 MAXIMUM BURDEN BE IMPOSED ON THE CURRENT

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION CORE ( 5 P/10 P
Burden of numerical relay recommended = 2.5 VA
CLASS
( inclusive ) - length
of lead FOR). 220KV & 132KV
The maximum lead lengthSUBSTATIONS
for 220/132kv switchyard = 500
meters

The control cable size is 2.5 sq.mm. Always 2 runs of cable are used. Resistance of
2.5sq.mm cable is 8.5 ohms per kilometre for 2 runs of cable it is 4.25 Ohms

Therefore the burden of the lead length is = 2* isec2 * r * 500/1000

= 2 *1*1* 4.25*0.5
= 4.25 VA
the optimum total burden = 2.5 +4.25 = 7 VA

Therefore realistic burden required for class 5p

cores is 15 VA

NOTE: FOR 400KV CT's ONLY CLASS PS CORES ARE USED. HENCE THIS CALCULATION IS OMITTED FOR 400KV
CT’s.
RMK
Existing
range
•Instrument Transformer
•Current Transformers
•Hair_Pin design
•Eye-Bolt design
•Top-Core design

•Capacitor Voltage Transformers

•Condensor Bushings
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
"CCV" Range

Power Meter Protection Relay

Accuracy  Protection
Revenue Metering  Measurements
 Automation
 Diagnosis
 Sequence of Event Recorder
 Disturbance Recording
CVT  Communication to the station level
Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
Definitions
Element
ElementPack
Pack
(or
(orpack)
pack)

Pile of elements : ± 10 to 25 kV
 Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
 Definitions HV Power line

Capacitor
CapacitorUnit
Unit
(or
(orunit)
unit)

Assembly of elements in an
insulating container: ± 245 kV.
Can be connected to a HV line

Ground
 Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
 Definitions HV Power line

Capacitor
CapacitorSTACK
STACK
(or
(orstack)
stack)

Assembly of elements to reach

higher voltage levels : ± 800 kV

In general, the term

CAPACITOR
stands for a capacitor element
as well as a capacitor stack.

Ground
 Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
 Definitions HV Power line

Capacitor
CapacitorVoltage
VoltageDivider
Divider
((or
orCVT
CVT))

Connecting an MV inductive
voltage transformer to a tap.

Ground
Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
BasicsP Intermediate
1
Voltage :
10 to 20 kV/3
C1
S1

C2

P2 S2
 Transformer
Magnetic
Transformer
C L R Lfs
Equivalent
EquivalentDiagram
Rs
Diagram
e a a

Vp . C1
U’P = Lμ Rw Us Zc
k . (C1+C2)

Lµ = Inductance equivalent to magnetic losses of the

magnetic circuit.
Rw = Resistance equivalent to the watt losses of the magnetic
circuit.
RMK -
CVT
Capacitor stack

Inductive VT
RMK
RMK -- CVT
CVT
CCV 72.5 to 765 kV
Oil expansion device

Capacitor elements

Capacitor column

Insulating oil

Insulator flange

Secondary terminal box

Inductance

MV Transformer

Damping circuit
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Diagram
HV Terminal

C1

C2

L P

GS MV
D S S S S

MCB

GS HF DC HF N 11 11 11 11
12 12 12 12
14 14 14 14
2n

4n
3n
2a

4a
1n

3a
1a

GROUND
PLC System
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Line trap
PLC system HV line
C1
During HF
communication, earthing
of signals or entry into P2
C2
magnetic part must be
avoided. Inductive
Part

HF Draining coil and grounding

 switchcould already be
included in HF generator.
RMK CVT -
Manufacturing
process
Capacitor packs are made of
- Aluminium foils
- Oil-impregnated paper and film
RMK CVT -
Manufacturing
process
Capacitor packs are stacked
together and mounted in a
porcelain insulator
CVT - STACK
 Transformer
Magnetic
Transformer
Accuracy
Accuracy atatnominal
nominalfrequency
frequency
Reduce nominal secondary burden

Good quality of windings

Ratio error :
  
VA   1 
 (en %) = 100. . R. cos +  L . - .sin  
V2 
 a C . 
 e  
s

Good tuning
High intermediate voltage

Phase error :    
VA   1 
 (en minutos) = 3440. . R.sin    L . - . cos  
2
V   a C . 
s  e  
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Damping
Primary
Primary Short
ShortCircuit &Circuit
Circuit& Transient
TransientResponse
Response

Ce Rs
La
Rp

Rw La m
Vi Lµ
Vs
Zc
Rpa m
Ra m
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Damping
Primary
Primary Short
ShortCircuit &Circuit
Circuit& Transient
TransientResponse
Response

• In steady state, the CVT secondary voltage is a reliable

representation of the primary voltage.
• In case of sudden change in the primary voltage (like a
short circuit), the voltage output will be distorted (high
error) during a few cycles.
• The above transient error will depend on:
• The burden connected to the CVT
• The moment of the voltage interruption.
• The transient response will be improved by adding a
damping circuit connected on the secondary
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Damping
Primary
Primary Short
ShortCircuit &Circuit
Circuit& Transient
TransientResponse
Response
Vi Primary voltage

Short-circuit at zero crossing

Vs Secondary voltage

t
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Damping
Primary
Primary Short
ShortCircuit &Circuit
Circuit& Transient
TransientResponse
Response
Vi Secondary error Primary voltage
IEC today :
max 10% after 20ms
10% t

5% Short-circuit at zero crossing

Vs Secondary voltage t

0 100 200 300 [ms]

t
IEC 186 20 ms
error limits
Necessary
Necessaryto
toadd
addaadamping
dampingcircuit
circuit
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Primary
PrimaryShort
ShortCircuit
Circuit&&Transient
TransientResponse
Damping Circuit
How to solve transient problems :
Response

R R-L-C R-L-R

••High
Highburden
burden ••Efficient
Efficient ••Efficient
Efficient
••jeopardize
jeopardize ••Easy
Easytotodesign
design ••Sophisticated
Sophisticateddesign
design
accuracy
accuracy ••Expensive
Expensive ••Economical
Economical
 Te nsion primaire
Primary Voltage

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

200
150
100
50
0

Damping &Circuit
-50

Primary
Primary Short
ShortCircuit
-100
-150
-200
Circuit& Transient
TransientResponse
Response
300

400
350

450

500

550

600
TeSecondary
nsion se condaire
Voltage
200

100

R-L-R
R-L-R 0

-100

-200
300

400
350

450

500

550

600
% error
% Erreur at ire
se conda secondary
(tra nsitoire )
7

-1

-2
300

350

400

450

500

550

600
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Ferroresonance
Ferroresonance according IEC 186

a) After clearance of a short-circuit at the secondary terminals

(fuse blown) , the CVT being energized
at 120% of the rated voltage, the crest value of the
secondary voltage must return to less than 10% error after
10 cycles.

b) After short-circuit clearance, at 150% of the rated voltage,

the ferroresonnance must be eliminated within less than 2
seconds
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Ferroresonance Secondary
C1 C
SecondaryShort
ShortCircuit
Circuit

C2 SGC
Ith
N2 Z

N1

L R1 Ferroresonance
D R2 Damping device
on inductive PT

L'1
L1
"Transformer type" Ferroresonance
compensating RL SGL Damping device
inductance L2
on inductance
L'2
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Ferroresonance Primary voltage

Fuse
operation
Short-circuit

Secondary
current

Without
damping
device

Secondary
voltage
 250
200

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

150
100
50
0
-50

Ferroresonance
-100
-150 Primary
-200
-250 voltage

5 50

6 00

6 50

7 00

75 0
350

400

450

500
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60 Secondary
-80
-100 5 50
current

6 00

6 50

7 00

75 0
350

400

450

500

10 cycles : error < 10%

600 With
400
damping
200
device
0

-200

-400
Secondary
-600
voltage
5 50

6 00

6 50

7 00

75 0
350

400

450

500
 Voltage Transformers
IEC
Metering
IEC600
60044-2
44-2
Accuracy Classes
Accuracy classes - Multiple windings
Same conditions except, accuracy to be garanteed with
- Other windings loaded between 0% to 100%

REMEMBER : with multiple secondaries, the maximum possible burden

will generally be limited by :
- the possible burden in the highest accuracy class with 1 winding
- the difference between the different burdens
- the mutual influence of the secondaries

Ex.: Accuracy VA max Total VA to be shared

Class if 1 secondary between the 2 windings
0.2 250 VA 250 x 0.8 = 200 VA
0.5 800 VA max. total simultaneous
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Typical
Typical
Typical graph ofError
graphof variation ofCurve
variationof errors
errorswith
withVA
VA&
&frequency
frequency
Ratio error Nominal burden
OVER-ESTIMATED
+0.5 Real load < 25% VAN
Excessive 25% VA
Frequency
Variations f+f
f
- 20’ +20’
Phase error

f -f
100% VA

Nominal burden - 0.5

UNDER-ESTIMATED
Real load > 100% VAN
 Voltage
IEC
transformers
IEC600
60044-2
PROTECTIVE
44-2
Accuracy classes (Protection)
accuracy classes
Maximum error in % of V
- Voltage between 5 % and f x V
P

T NP

- Burden between 25% and 100% of SN

- Maximum error doubled for VNP=2%
Accura cy Vo lta g e Pha se
cla ss (ra tio ) d isp la ce m e nt
e rro r [m inute s]
Cl 3 P 3 %  120
Cl 6 P 6 %  24O
 Capacitor Voltage
Transformers
Routine
Routine tests tests (IEC 60044-5)
The following tests apply to each individual transformer:
a) Verification of terminal markings
b) Power-frequency withstand tests on primary windings
c) Partial discharge measurement
d) Power-frequency withstand tests on secondary windings
e) Power-frequency withstand tests between sections
f) Determination of errors.
G) Ferroresonance test
h) Sealing test
 Capacitor Voltage
Transformers
Type tests (IEC 60044-5)
a) Temperature-rise test

b) Short-circuit withstand capability test

c) Lightning impulse test

d) Switching impulse test

e) Wet test for outdoor type transformers

f) Determination of errors.
 Typical Burdens - Analog and
Digital Meters
(Voltage Transformer Circuit )
METERS/LOADS TYPICAL VA TYPICAL VA BURDEN
BURDEN ( DIGITAL TYPE )
( ANALOG TYPE )

VOLTMETER 5 1

WATTMETER& 4 0.1
VARMETER
ENERGY METER 1 0.1

PF METER 4
ELECTRONIC 6
SYNCHROSCOPE
FREQUENCY 7 1
METER
TRANSDUCER 1
TOTAL 28 12.2
 MAXIMUM BURDEN IMPOSED ON THE
CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
TheMETERING
max burdens of all WINDING INVAA(approx)
the meters/load = 28 400KV when analog meters
areSUBSTATION
considered and max lead length for 400kv switchyard = 1000 meters

The control cable size is 2.5 sq.mm. Always 2 runs of cable are used.
Resistance of 2.5sq.mm cable is 8.5 ohms per kilometre for 2 runs of cable it is
4.25 Ohms

Therefore the burden of the lead length is = 2* isec 2 * r * 1km

= 2 * (28/63.5)2* 4.25*1
= 1.70 VA
The optimum total burden = 28 +1.7 = 29.7 VA
Therefore realistic burden required is 50 VA
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION

 MEASURING ELEMENT

 COMPARING ELEMENT

 CONTROL TRIP ELEMENT