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    Tugas Material Teknik Non Ferrous

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    Rachmat Hermawan
    Copper and its alloys have high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and ductile, allowing for cold working. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with varying compositions used for different applications like jewelry or cartridge casings. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin or other elements like aluminum that can be precipitation hardened. Aluminum is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance. It can be worked easily into different forms. Common aluminum alloys include various grades that are strengthened through work hardening or thermal treatments.

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    Tugas Material Teknik Non Ferrous

    Uploaded by

    Rachmat Hermawan
    29 views45 pages
    Copper and its alloys have high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and ductile, allowing for cold working. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with varying compositions used for different applications like jewelry or cartridge casings. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin or other elements like aluminum that can be precipitation hardened. Aluminum is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance. It can be worked easily into different forms. Common aluminum alloys include various grades that are strengthened through work hardening or thermal treatments.

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    TUGAS MATERIAL TEKNIK NON FERROUS

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    Copper and its alloys have high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and ductile, allowing for cold working. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with varying compositions used for different applications like jewelry or cartridge casings. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin or other elements like aluminum that can be precipitation hardened. Aluminum is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance. It can be worked easily into different forms. Common aluminum alloys include various grades that are strengthened through work hardening or thermal treatments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    29 views45 pages

    Tugas Material Teknik Non Ferrous

    Uploaded by

    Rachmat Hermawan
    Copper and its alloys have high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and ductile, allowing for cold working. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc with varying compositions used for different applications like jewelry or cartridge casings. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin or other elements like aluminum that can be precipitation hardened. Aluminum is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance. It can be worked easily into different forms. Common aluminum alloys include various grades that are strengthened through work hardening or thermal treatments.

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    of 45

    A.

    COPPER & ITS ALLOYS


    •Soft and ductile tha it is difficult to machine
    •Unlimited capacity to be cold worked
    •Highly resistance to corrosion in diverse environment including the
    ambient temperature, sea water and industrial chemicals
    1. PURE COPPER
    Most Important :

    The high thermal & electrical conductivity, Second best


    material after silver
    2. BRASS
    Type of brass
    •Cu – 5 % Zn : Gilding Metal > Jewelry
    •Cu – 10 % Zn : Commercial Bronze > Cheaper than Cu –
    Sn.
    •Cu – 15 % Zn : Red Brass ( Stress Corrosion Resistant )
    •Cu – 30 % Zn : Cartridge Brass ( Excellent cold formability ,
    e.g. deep drawing )
    •Cu – 40 % Zn : 60 – 40 Brass or Muntz Metal (α + β phase)
    are hot worked / machined
    DIAGRAM FASA CU - ZN
    CARTRIDGE BRASS
    3. BRONZE
    3.1 TIN BRONZE
    Paduan antara tembaga ( Cu ) dan timah putih ( Sn )
    3.3. ALUMUNIUM BRONZE
     Paduan antara tembaga ( Cu ) dengan Aluminium
    (Al) dengan kadar Aluminium antara 4 dan 11 %
     Dapat dikeras dengan proses hardening
    3.4 BERYLIUM BRONZE
    Paduan antara Tembaga (Cu) dan Berylium (Be)
    Dapat dikeras dengan proses Precipitation Hardening
    4. COPPER – NICKEL
    ALLOYS
    Cu and Ni are similar ( Density, FCC structure, Atomic
    radius, Atomic volume ) >> Full Solubility
    TYPES OF COPPER NICKEL
    ALLOYS
    5. COPPER ZINC NICKEL
    (NICKEL SILVER)
    B. ALUMUNIUM & ITS
    ALLOY
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    Atomic Number 13
    Specific gravity 2.7 gr/cm3
    Modulus of elasticity 70.000 N/mm2
    Modulus of Elasticity in shear 26.000 N/mm2
    Poisson's ratio 1/3
    Caloric conductibility 200 W/m oK
    Electric Conductibility 30 m/ohm mm2
    Paramagnetic half life value 10 sek
    Melting temperature 660 deg C
    Structure Crystal FCC
    TYPICAL PROPERTIES

    •Aluminum is light
    •Good corrosion resistance
    •High reflectivity
    •Aluminum is readily workable and easy to
    form
    •Aluminum conducts electricity and heat
    •High specific strength and specific
    modulus of elasticity
    ALUMINUM & ALUMINUM SEMI
    PRODUCT
    1. Primary aluminum
    2. Rolled product
    3. Extruded product
    1. PRIMARY ALUMINUM

    The production of primary aluminum consists of two processes :


    1.Bayer process to produce pure aluminum oxide
    2.Electrolytic process to produce aluminum
    2. ROLLED PRODUCT

    Hot rolling
    The aluminum billet is preheat to 400 C and rolled. The
    billet is up to 500 mm thick and at thickness will reduced
    to 12 and 6 mm

    Cold rolling
    Reduced thickness, prescribed hardening and straightening
    and stress relieves
    3. EXTRUDED PRODUCT

    Direct extrusion
    The slug in the recipient is moved by the
    plunger toward the die.

    Indirect extrusion
    The die is moved in to recipient toward the slug.
    It needs less pressure and allows higher
    extruding rate.
    Basic principle of extrusion process is the material is pressed
    with high pressure from the recipient into the die and emerges
    through the opening the die, which has the form corresponding
    to the shape of the profile
    Such big profiles are economical only when great quantities are
    required
    INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED

    1XXX pure aluminum


    2XXX cupper
    3XXX manganese
    4XXX silicon
    5XXX magnesium, magnesium+manganese
    7XXX zinc, zinc + magnesium
    8XXX others
    The second number is kept for possible change
    The two last number are registration number
    THERMALLY TREATED
    1 soft
    4 cold aged
    5 no solution annealing, quenched
    by blast or spray with water at
    the exit of the extruder, 400 C
    6 warm aged
    7 warm aged and stabilized
    8 warm aged and work hardened
    before ageing
    9 warm aged and work hardened after
    ageing
    APPLICATIONS

    Building & Construction 20.5%


    Transportation 20.7%
    Electrical Industries 10.6%
    General Engineering 6.4%
    Containers & packaging 21.4%
    Durable goods 6.6%
    Miscellaneous 6.5%
    Export 6.9%

    *USA 1978, application of aluminum are growing


    especially in transportation
    WORK HARDENING

    Work hardening can be done on all alloyed and unalloyed


    aluminum
    This is the only method to improve the mechanical
    properties of the non heat treatable aluminum alloys.
    Cold forming processes can be used i.e cold rolled sheet,
    cold drawn bars and tube.
    If the prescribed thickness is produced through rolling, we
    name the state end rolled
    Heating the metal over 250 C the hardening begins to soften
    and at 350 C the effects totally reduced
    A slow warming from 250 to 350 produces the
    recristallization.
    This stated is end glued
    THE CONDITIONS ARE DEFINED AS
    FOLLOW
    H stands for work hardening
    1 means end rolled
    2 means end glued
    0 soft
    1 1/8 hardened
    2 ¼ hardened
    4 ½ hardened
    6 ¾ hardened
    8 1/1 hardened
    Example : 5083 H24 Aluminum-magnesium-manganese
    alloy, with 4.5 % magnesium, 0.5 %
    manganese
    End glued, half hardened
    THERMAL TREATMENT

    The thermal treatment produces high strength in alloys


    The steps of Thermal Treatment
    Heating (460 – 540 C), Quenching and ageing processes
    Ageing for a period of about 9 – 12 hours at temperature
    140 – 180 C and 3 days in room temperature.
    THERMAL TREATMENT
    THERMAL TREATMENT
    EXAMPLE

    Al 6061 T6
    Aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy with
    1.0 % silicon
    0.6 % magnesium
    Solution treated, quenched and warm ageing
    THE STRESS – STRAIN CURVE &
    PROPERTIES

    7020 T6 σu 340 MPa σy 280 Mpa


    6082 T6 310 MPa 260 Mpa
    6061 T6 260 Mpa 240 Mpa
    5454 H24 270 Mpa 200 MPa
    •REFERENCES
    Aluminum & Aluminum Alloys, ASM Specialty
    Handbook
    Aluminum-Zentrale, Aluminum-Taschhenbuch,dzt.14,
    Edition 1983, Updating 1988, Aluminum Verlag,
    Dusseldorf
    Altenpohl,D.Aluminium von innen,Eine einfuhrung in
    die Metallkunde der Aluminiumverarbeitung,
    5.Edition 1994, Aluminum Verlang Dusseldorf
    Hufnagel,W : Aluminium-Schlussel,
    Normenbezeichnungen, Zusammensetzungen,
    Markenworter von Aluminumwerkstofften,4. Edition
    1991, Aluminium-Verlag, Dusseldorf

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