3.1-3.4 Signal Generator

DEE1012 & MEASUREMENTS
TOPIC 3
OSCILLOSCOPE AND
SIGNAL
GENERATOR
(04 : 12)
LEARNING OUTCOME
i. Know basic function of signal generator

ii. Apply basic function of signal generators as
signal source to a circuit
Connecting the Function Generator to the
Oscilloscope
• Connect the alligator clip of the black lead

from the function generator to the alligator
clip of the black lead from the oscilloscope
• Do the same with the red lead
A block diagram of the connection between the oscilloscope
and signal generator is simple
Measurement techniques
• The major concern in observing a signal on the
oscilloscope screen is to make voltage and
time measurements
• The oscilloscope screen is partitioned into the
grids, which divides both the horizontal
axis(voltage) and the vertical axis(time) into
divisions which will be helpful in making the
measurements.
Figure : Oscilloscope Screen
The graticule is
a grid of lines
that serves as
a scale when
making time
and amplitude
measurements
with an
oscilloscope.
Voltage and time is determined by

using grids on the display each square Division
on the grid is called a division.
AC Measurement
• The fundamental parameters associated with
a AC signal are :
 Voltage Peak-to-peak (Vp-p)
 Voltage Peak (Vp)
 Voltage RMS (root mean square, Vrms)
 Periodic Time (T)
 Frequency (f)
 Phase Shift ()
Vpeak to peak
Amplitude / Voltage Measurement
• Peak-to-peak voltage, VPP,
– Is a voltage waveform which is
measured from the top of the
waveform, called the crest, all the
way down to the bottom of the
waveform, called the trough
• Peak voltage
– Is the voltage from the 0
reference line to the positive
peak of the voltage waveform.
– Therefore, the peak voltage is
exactly half of the peak-to-peak
voltage waveform.
• Voltage Root-mean-square
– The peak amplitude is equal
to approximately 1.414
times the root-mean-square
amplitude
– RMS is less than Peak

– This is because the

oscilloscope measures peak
values and the meter
measures RMS values.

(Unit : V)
12
Example Amplitude Measurement
Vrms=0.707Vp Voltage Peak, Vp

(3div)

GND

Voltage Peak to Peak, Vpp RMS Voltage, Vrms

Frequency & Time Measurement
• Time, T
– time measurements using the
T horizontal scale of the oscilloscope
– The time is measure for 1 cycle
signal and called its Time period, T
– We can count 1 cycle from zero up to
positive cycle to negative cycle until
to the crosssection at zero volt.
one cycle
– Another method to count 1 cycle is
from left peak to the right peak.
• Frequency, f
– Osc can measure frequency through
measuring time.
– the frequency is given by the
reciprocal of Time period , 1/T
T
one cycle

(Unit : Hz)

(Unit : s)
15
Example Time Period
Calculate the time period of the sinusoidal signal in
Figure 3.16 if the oscilloscope time/div. is set to 10ms/div.
Solution: (4div)
The calculation for Time period (T),

Phase Measurement
• Two method to measure Phase Different/Phase Angle/phase
shift by using:
2 Signal in Dual Mode Lissajous Pattern in XY mode
Figure 21: Two Signals Displayed in Figure 22: Phase Difference

DUAL Mode Calculation in XY Mode 17
Phase Different, in Dual Mode

(Unit : degree)

(Unit : radians)
18
Example 1 Phase Measurement
• calculate the phase shift, if the oscilloscope
setting is Volt/Div : 100mV/Div, Time/Div :
0.5ms/Div
∆𝑡 0
𝜃= × 360
𝑇
2 0 0
𝜃= ×360 =102.86
2 Div 7
7 Div
Phase Different in XY Mode
(Lissajous figure)
A B
A = peak to peak vertical height of the ellipse

B = is the intercept on the Y-axis
20
• Figure 23 shows typical graphs in XY mode
corresponding to different values of phase
difference.
Figure 23: The Graphs in XY Mode for

Different Phase Difference Values
Example 2 Phase Measurement
• Based on figure 2e, if A = 1.8cm, B = 2.3cm, what is
the phase angle
Solution :
𝐴
A
( )
𝑃h𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 , 𝜃=𝑆𝑖𝑛 −1
𝐵
B 1.8
𝑃h𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 , 𝜃=𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( )
−1 0
=51.5
2.3
Basic Function Of Signal Generator
Front panel of a signal generator
Frequency Selection Group Waveform Group
DC Offset
Group Amplitude Modulation Group Output Group
• A function generator produces different waveforms
[produce alternating current (ac) ] of adjustable
frequency.
• The common output waveforms are the sine, square,
triangular and saw tooth waves.
• Used to test and align all circuits.
• They are also used to troubleshoot various electronic
devices and to measure frequency.
Function Button Group
1. Power Switch
• The power switch applies power to the
function generator.
2. Power On Indicator
• A light emitting diode (LED) is used to
indicate when power is applied to the
function generator.
3. Frequency selection Group
– Consist of :
• Frequency range (3)
– To set the frequency required
– (1, 10, 100, 1K, 10K, 100K, 1M Hz)
• Frequency selector (5)

– Time (x) the value of the frequency range with
frequency selector to get the frequency required.
– To get the desire frequency, frequency selector

must be multiply with frequency range
4. Amplitude Modulation Group
– Consist of :
• Amplitude Knob (9)
– To increase the amplitude of signal, this button should be
adjust.
– Turn clockwise to increase the value and anticlockwise to
decrease the value (mV)
5. Waveform Group
– Consist of :
• Waveform Selector (4)
– To choose type of waveforms
– Either sine wave, rectangular or triangle
6. DC Offset Group
– Consist of :
• Offset ADJ (8)
– A DC Offset control is provided to allow the DC level of the
output waveform to be set as desire.
• Duty control (6)
– To symmetry of the output waveforms
7. Waveform Group
– Consist of :
• Waveform Selector (4)
– To choose type of waveforms
– Either sine wave, rectangular wave or triangle wave
8. Output Group
– Consist of :
• Output 50Ω (11)
– Squarewave, trianglewave, sinewave, ramp and pulse
waveform is provided . Used BNC connectors.
9. Sweep Group (Only Digital Function Generator)

– Sweep is used to set the frequency output.
– It could be swept up or down in frequency using
linear or log sweeps.
Connection Signal Generators As Signal
Source To Circuit
Tutorial 1
• The waveform shown below is observed on the
screen of an oscilloscope. If the vertical attenuation
is set at 0.5mV/Div and time/div control is set at 2µs,
determine the:
a) Peak to peak voltage, Vpp (ans:3.7mVp-p)
b) Peak voltage, Vp (ans:1.85mVp)
c) Time 1 cycle, T (ans:14µs)
d) Frequency of the signal, F
(ans:71.43KHz)
e) Phase angle (ans:102.86o)
Tutorial 2
Volt/Div : 2V/Div
Time/Div : 0.5ms/div
i. The peak voltage of the waveform (ans : 4Vp)

ii. The peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform (ans : 8Vp-p)
iii. The time period of the waveform (ans : 2mS)
iv. The frequency of the waveform (ans : 500Hz)
Tutorial 3
3.8
3.8
Based on the wave diagram (figure 2d), calculate listed below, if

the oscilloscope setting is Volt/Div : 100mV/Div, Time/Div :
0.5ms/Div
i. Peak voltage (ans : 0.76Vp)
ii. Peak to peak voltage (ans : 1.52Vp-p)
iii. Time (ans : 4ms)
iv. Frequency (ans : 250Hz)
v. Phase Shift (ans : 90o)
REFERENCES
• Bakshi U.A , Bakshi A.V (2009). Electronic
Instruentation, Technical Publications.
• Bhavani V, Vasantha S. (2008). Modern Electronic
Instrumention & Measurement Techniques,
Prentice Hall of India.
• Kalsi, H.S (2004). Electronic Instrumentation. New
Delhi : Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Stephen L.Herman (2010) .Standard Textbook of
Electricity, 5th Edition. Delmar Cengage Learning.

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DEE1012 & MEASUREMENTS

i. Know basic function of signal generator

• Connect the alligator clip of the black lead

Voltage and time is determined by

– This is because the

Voltage Peak to Peak, Vpp RMS Voltage, Vrms

The calculation for Time period (T),

Figure 21: Two Signals Displayed in Figure 22: Phase Difference

A = peak to peak vertical height of the ellipse

Figure 23: The Graphs in XY Mode for

• Frequency selector (5)

– To get the desire frequency, frequency selector

9. Sweep Group (Only Digital Function Generator)

i. The peak voltage of the waveform (ans : 4Vp)

Based on the wave diagram (figure 2d), calculate listed below, if

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