CONTENTS

• INTEGRATION OF DAYLIGHTING WITH

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• LIGHTING CONTROLS
• INTELLIGENT BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR
LIGHTING
Considerable savings in energy usage can be achieved by
bringing daylight into a building through rooflights and winnows
and coupling this natural light with automatic controls that dim,
or switch off, the lights during the day
 The integration of daylighting with artificial lighting to enhance building energy
performance
In sustainable building designs, daylight is considered as an alternative source of light to
artificial lighting. Daylight is an energy-free and efficient-cost lighting source. Natural
light is the best source for light due to its good quality, which matches the visual response
of the human eyes. Daylight positively affects people by providing a sense of liveliness and
brightness in the living space. The positive impact of daylight on the building occupants’
visual comfort, health and performance is well recognized.
However, daylight is not widely utilized to supplement artificial lighting, because there is a
lack of information and tools to evaluate daylighting and potentials for energy savings.
The efficient utilization of natural lighting will not only affect the interior environment
and the occupants’ health and performance but also has a direct impact on the building
energy performance.
The effective integration of artificial lighting systems and daylight occurs only when
• Artificial lighting system can be switched on and off (or dimmed and off) as a function of
daylighting levels reaching the work plane.
• Windows are properly sized and located in a building, where there is a balance between
daylight provision and solar thermal loads.
• The occupants‘ needs for different lighting conditions are taken into account in design process
 INTRODUCTION
As the cost of energy has continued to rise, increasing effort has gone into minimizing the energy
consumption of lighting installation. This effort has evolved along three major directions:
1. The development of new energy efficient lighting
equipment
2. The utilization of improved lighting design practice
3. The improvement in lighting control systems
While saving energy is of a great importance, there are some other associated benefits which should
be considered. These are productivity and quality. However is quite difficult to quantify their
influence. Lighting controls perform functions like on-off, time scheduling, dimming, dimming due
to presence of daylighting, lumen depreciation and demand control.
Lighting controls can also be grouped into two general categories: centralized controls and local
controls. Centralized controls are used in buildings where it is desirable to control large areas of the
building on the same schedule.
For example
In the morning the system can turn on lights a few minutes before the arrival of the employees. After
the end of the working day the system can turn off lights again.
During the day the lighting system can be adjusted in order to avoid peak demands (for example
during noon at summer months).
Localized controls are designed to affect only specific areas
 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING
CONTROLS
A good lighting design includes a good controls design.
Lighting controls play a critical role in lighting systems,
enabling users manually or automatically to:
• turn the lights ON and OFF using a switch; and/or
• adjust light output up and down using a dimmer.
This basic functionality can be used to generate these benefits
for the lighting owner:
• flexibility to satisfy user visual needs; and/or
• automation to reduce energy costs and improve
sustainability.
In recent years, lighting controls have evolved two additional
capabilities:
• adjust light source color, including shade of white light;
and/or
• generate data via measuring and/or monitoring.
In general, there do not appear to be any general rules or guidelines that congenitally lead one to
select specific controls. The factors presented below will have a bearing on the selection of lighting
controls:

1. Size of the building. A very large building may need a Building Management
System while a small one can obtain optimum savings by selecting a time
switch control.
2. Type of the lighting system. Ballast selection can be affected. Some controls will
operate only specific lamp types.
3. Availability of daylight. Energy savings due to daylight depends on climate
conditions, building form and design and the activities within the building. In
addition this factors is directly linked with the operating schedule of the building.
4. Type of usage in the building. If the building is an office building, consideration
is often given to flexible controls, such as low voltage relays. If its is an
educational building, where the lighting requirements are more fixed, other
types of controls should be considered.
5. Budgetary constraints.
6. Dimming requirements.
What are lighting controls?

Lighting controls are a range of smart lighting devices that can regulate the levels, quality and
characteristics of light in a defined space. These smart devices aid in reducing electricity wastage
while simultaneously encouraging energy efficiency.

For instance, the leading LED lighting manufacturers claim that using lighting controls can reduce
the total energy consumption by almost 35%. Moreover, these devices aim to enhance user comfort
and aid in the development of a functional, energy efficient and aesthetically pleasing space.

Here are some types of lighting controls that have gained popularity in recent times:
1. DIMMERS
Dimmer controls provide variable indoor lighting. When you dim lightbulbs, it reduces their
wattage and output, which helps save energy.

Dimmers are inexpensive and provide some energy savings when lights are used at a reduced
level. They also increase the service life of lightbulbs significantly. However, dimming reduces an
incandescent bulb's lumen output more than its wattage. This makes the bulbs less efficient as
they are dimmed.
A dimmer allows the users to control and alter the “intensity of illumination” as per their
preferences. It encourages convenience as users can lighten or darken the room with simple
controls. Moreover, dimmers can be optimized for turning-off the lights after a certain period
of time. This not only aids energy savings but also increases life of the LED luminaire
Dimmers and CFLs
Unlike incandescent, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) do not lose their efficiency with dimming.
Some CFLs are compatible with standard dimmers, which will be indicated on the package.
Others require special dimming ballasts and bulb holders. Fluorescent dimmers are dedicated
fixtures and bulbs that provide even greater energy savings than a regular fluorescent bulb.
Dimming a CFL that is not designed to work with a dimmer switch is not recommended, as this
can shorten its life significantly.

WE can change the lightbulbs and ballasts in fluorescent lighting fixtures rather than replace
them.
Dimmers and LEDs
Some light-emitting diode (LED) lightbulbs can be used with dimmers. LED bulbs and
fixtures must be designed for dimming, and you may need to replace existing dimmer
switches with ones that are compatible with an LED lighting product. The packaging or
accompanying instructions will indicate if the product is dimmable and which dimmer
products are compatible. Fully compatible LED dimmers are expected to become more
common as the LED industry expands.
2. Occupancy sensors
Occupancy sensors, also known as occupancy detectors, are capable of controlling the lighting devices by
detecting the occupancy in a space. They switch-on the lights automatically as they detect motion and turn
them off when the area is not occupied for a certain amount of time.
Occupancy sensors detect indoor activity within a certain area. They provide convenience by turning lights
on automatically when someone enters a room, and save energy by turning lights off soon after the last
occupant has left the room. Occupancy sensors must be located where they will detect occupants or occupant
activity in all parts of the room.

There are two types of occupancy sensors: ultrasonic and infrared. Ultrasonic sensors detect sound, while
infrared sensors detect heat and motion. In addition to controlling ambient lighting in a room, they are useful
for task lighting applications such as over kitchen counters. In such applications, task lights are turned on by
the motion of a person washing dishes, for instance, and automatically turn off a few minutes after the person
leaves the area.
3.Motion Sensor Controls
Motion sensors automatically turn outdoor lights on when
they detect motion and turn them off a short while later.
They are very useful for outdoor security and utility
lighting.

Because utility lights and some security lights are needed

only when it is dark and people are present, the best way
to control might be a combination of a motion sensor and
photosensor.
Long corridors – Motion sensors can be used

Incandescent flood lights with a photosensor and motion

sensor may actually use less energy than pole-mounted
high-intensity discharge (HID) security lights controlled
by a photosensor. Even though HID lights are more
efficient than incandescent, they are turned on for a much
longer period of time than incandescent using these dual
controls.

HID lightbulbs don't work well with just a motion sensor,

as they can take up to ten minutes to produce light.
4.Photosensor Controls
We can use photosensors to prevent outdoor lights from operating during daylight hours. This can help
save energy because you don't have to remember to turn off your outdoor lights.

Photosensors sense ambient light conditions, making them useful for all types of outdoor lighting. These
light-sensitive controls are less effective inside the home because lighting needs vary with occupant
activity rather than ambient lighting levels. Many LED nightlights, however, have this feature built in
which makes them effective and easy to use.

6.Integrated lighting controls

Integrated lighting controls permit the users to alter the lighting scenes in a defined space.
They allow the users to modify and set a lighting scene that comprehends their mood. Various
LED lighting manufacturers offer enabled control systems that allow users to control lighting
with mobile phones and other internet enabled devices.
5.Timer Controls
Timers can be used to turn on and off outdoor and indoor lights at specific times. There are two types of timers:
manual timers, which plug into an electrical outlet for controlling objects such as lamps or light strings; and in-wall
programmable digital timers (which look like digital thermostats), which automate indoor or outdoor lighting.

Programmable timers are not often used alone for outdoor lighting because the timer may have to be reset often
with the seasonal variation in the length of night. However, they can be used effectively in combinations with other
controls. For example, the best combination for aesthetic lighting may be a photosensor that turns lights on in the
evening and a timer that turns the lights off at a certain hour of the night (such as 11 p.m.).

For indoor lighting, timers are useful to give an unoccupied house a lived-in look. However, they are ineffective for
an occupied home because they do not respond to changes in occupant behavior, like occupancy sensors.

Using Timers with CFL and LED Lighting

Timing controls work well with CFL and LED lightbulbs, as they do not interrupt the circuitry. This is especially
true with manual timers that use pins for setting the on and off times.

Manual timers: compatible with LED, CFL, and incandescent lighting

Programmable digital timers: check the package label to be sure it is compatible with the type of lighting you want
to use.
Time scheduling control scheme Dusk dawn control scheme
 LIGHTING CONTROL EFFECTS

Lighting controls provide the following basic Lighting controls are evolving to provide advanced
functions. End-users harness these functions to functions, which vary in availability depending on
support energy management and/or visual needs. system type and application need.
BENEFITS: VISUAL NEEDS
By adjusting the intensity of one or more layers of lighting in a space,
lighting controls can:
• change space appearance;
• facilitate different functions of the space;
• alter atmosphere and mood;
• reduce glare; and/or
• increase user satisfaction by providing users the ability to control their
lighting.

BENEFITS: ENERGY MANAGEMENT

By reducing lighting ON time, intensity or zoning, lighting controls reduce both demand and energy consumption. According
to a study, popular lighting control strategies produce 24-38% average lighting energy savings, which reduces building
operating costs.

Because of strong energy savings, the majority of state commercial building energy codes require a wide range of controls in
new construction. In existing construction, the controllability of LED lighting results in an ideal pairing with controls,
combining to minimize energy costs
Basic Function
Lighting controls are input/output devices and systems. The
control system receives information, decides what to do with it,
and then adjusts lighting power accordingly. Here we see a
basic lighting circuit (switch leg). Power travels along the circuit
to energize a group of lights. This lighting system supplies
illumination.
Switching
One basic output is switching. Here we see a switch placed on
the line between the power source and the load. When the
switch closes (i.e., switch is flipped “ON”), the circuit
completes, allowing power to flow to the load. When it opens,
the circuit breaks (switched flipped “OFF”), which disrupts
power to the load. This makes the switch a power controller.

Dimming
Another basic output is dimming. If a dimmer-switch is used, in
addition to ON/OFF, it can alter current flowing through the
load during the ON state, which raises or lowers light output.
Here we see a dimmer placed on the line, with the output
being continuous dimming over the load’s dimming range.
COLOR AND CCT CONTROL
With LED, it is relatively economical to provide users
the ability to adjust lighting color and CCT.

With tunable-white LED products, separately

dimming arrays of warm- and cool-white LEDs
allows users to adjust light source CCT. Other colors
may be added to enhance the available color spectrum
and ensure good color rendering.

Two other approaches are dim-to-warm (LED

products that dim to a very warm white similar to
incandescent dimming) and full color tuning
(separately dimmable red, green and blue LEDs plus
amber or white and potentially other colors).
 BENEFITS OF USING LIGHTING
CONTROLS
1. More energy efficiency
The golden rule for saving electricity is that the less time your lights are on, the 
lower will be your electricity bill. Lighting controls make it easy to know they’re on only when you need them.
We might forget to turn the lights off. With smart lighting, you can open the app and turn off lights even if
you’re not in the house. Program a personal schedule on your timers and sensors or use vacancy sensors to
trigger the lights to switch off when no one in the room. Also, whenever possible, dimers 
reduce the power to the lighting source, which will save energy, extend the bulb’s life and reduce the need for
electrical maintenance or repair from overuse.
2. Personal preferences
Lighting control systems offer intuitive flexibility. Change the amount of light depending on the time of day.
Color-changing smart light bulbs give you the creative freedom to set any kind of mood. Elevate your mood
with bright lighting or relax with dimmed ambiance as per your choice. Think neon purple for dance parties,
ambient yellow glow for movie night or your favorite team’s color on game day. You can program whatever
you want at the push of a button.
3. More convenience
We can control your lighting system with ease on the devices you are comfortable, including smartphones,
tablets, laptops and desktop computers. Many systems also offer options of remotes or wall-mounted control
centers to make it convenient to adjust in seconds.
Wireless switches don’t require complex cabling systems to install or maintain. Dimmers and energy-saving light
controls make it easy to work from home in a well-lit, productive environment without wasting too much
electricity.
4. Safety
The safety of the house means a lot as sensors can help navigate the house easily. To make your way to the
bathroom in the night, a simple press of a button on the app can turn on the lights before you even leave your bed.
You can also set your bedroom lights to mimic the rising and setting sun that you wake up and fall asleep naturally.
When you’re home, the exterior motion detectors turn on lights when someone walks by. This feature will alert
you to suspicious activity and deter intruders from targeting your home. Recommended installing photosensors as
they prevent outdoor lights from turning on during the daylight hours.
If you’re out of the station on vacation, setting your lights to turn on for a few hours each night can help deter
anyone from taking advantage of your absence. While this feature will use up electricity, it will give the
impression that someone is home.
METHODS OF INTELLIGENT LIGHTING
Wireless lighting
In Wireless control system, all lamps are connected in a wireless
network allowing them to be controlled from remote controls, wall
switches or internet connected devices.
Applications
• Holiday security function - for your peace of mind
The optional remote control offers a very reassuring holiday
mode: After dusk the sensor will switch your lights on/off for 10
times randomly over the next four hours every day, simulating
your presence at home. Enjoy the peace of mind when you are
away..
• Street lighting

Advantages of intelligent lighting

• Energy Efficient. 
• User friendly. More safety & security.
• Environment friendly.
Disadvantage of intelligent lighting
Initial cost is very high
 INTELLIGENT LIGHTS AVAILABLE IN MARKET

• Philips hue has been around a while, it sets a new

precedence when it comes to creating a mood in a room.
• The wireless system allows you to use your iOS smartphone
to not only switch the LED bulbs on and off, but pick the
color and brightness you want , as well as recreate colors
within a specific image.
• You can program specific times, for example waking
everyone in the house up at 7am every day with bright lights
and the Hue system also has a party mode for flashing in
time with your music.
• Additionally, Philips Hue is compatible with the IFTTT
service.
• The Philips Hue starter pack offers three light bulbs and a
wireless base that can control up to 50 bulbs.
• Belkin offers all sorts of WeMo connected devices and
included within the range is the WeMo Smart LED bulb and
the WeMo Light Switch, both of which allow lighting control
from an iPhone or Android device.
• The WeMo Smart LED Bulb will need to replace your existing
bulbs, like Philips Hue, but you will be able to control,
schedule and fully dim them from anywhere using the
WeMo Link, Wi-Fi and the WeMo app.
• They can be controlled independently or in groups and like
the Philips Hue base, the WeMo Link can handle up to 50 of
the 60W bulbs, which according to Belkin last up to 23 years.
• The WeMo LED bulbs have also recently been updated to
offer compatibility with IFTTT, meaning you can create
various recipes like the Hue system.
• Originating on Kickstarter, LIFX is an LED light bulb that
can be controlled using a smartphone app - but over your
Wi-Fi network, rather than your phone's Bluetooth. From an
Android or iOS app, you can turn your LIFX lights on or off,
adjust brightness, change the color, and even create a light
show to go with your music.
• Like many of the smart light solutions available, LIFX also
offers a wake-up feature, allowing you to wake up naturally
each morning with automatically increasing light, or drift off
with slowly dimming lights.
• A single LIFX bulb isn't cheap, but it is said to last up to 27
years.
• Other technical aspects include 17W at full brightness, a
130-degree beam angle, 1017 lumens, and colour options
that include pearl white and gunmetal grey.