Unit 2 Protection of motors

• Moulded case circuit breaker(MCCB):

MCB and • Mccb is a type of electrical protection device
MCCB that is used to protect the electrical circuit
from excessive current which can cause

circuits overload or short circuit.

• It can be two pole,3 pole ,4 pole
• TYPES OF TRIPING
• Manual tripping
• Thermal tripping
• Magnetic tripping
• Thermal triping:
• Mccb consisit of bimetallic element which gets expand and get
opened during overload
• The two metal used here consider iron and brass
Here on overload brass start expanding when
compare to iron and switch gets open
• Mccb has inverse time characteristic
• Slow operation
• Magnetic trip:
• It operates based on electro magnetic effect
• In magnetic trip current transformer is used during short circuit very
high current will flow which is sensed by ct which in return gives
signal to mccb hence mccb gets open and circuit is protected
• The operation is very fast
• It operates when short circuit and high current fault occur
• We have under voltage protection also
• Mccb is used instead of mcb because of high ratings mcb is used for
10kA ratings
• Mccb ratings available 100A,200a,250A,450A,630A,800A,500V50hz
with fault level withstand capacity 50KA
• Applications-motor circuits, transformer secondaries , lightning
distribution systems,capacitor switching , dc circuits etc
Contactors:

• A contactors are best described as

magnetically closed switch which
controls the start and stop of motor .
There are two types of contactors
• 1.solenoid type
• Solenoid is a cylindrical coil of wire
acting as a magnet when carrying
electric current
Working
principle of
solenoid type
contactor
• The pole face of the magnet are
provided with shading coil. This creates
an out of phase flux to hold the magnet
closed during the zero points of
alternating current thus preventing
chatter of the contactor
• The solenoid type of contactors are
used for small ratings. For higher ratings
E type construction for the magnetic
core is used.
Clapper Type
Contactor

• In clapper type dc contactorsthe

movable contacts are mounted on a
hinged movable armature. The hinged
armature when pulled by magnetic core
moves the movable contact in more or
less in the horizontal direction to make
contact with the stationary contact
mounted on the vertical back-plate of
the contactor.
When the contacts separate, the
magnetic field set up due to current
flowing through the blow out coil exerts a
force on the arc. Due to this force arc is
elongated between the arcing horns.
Lock-out Type Contactor:
This type of contactor was primarily
designed for the starting circuit of dc
motors . starters are used for starting of
motor because of high inrush current
which is controlled by using starter.
In the circuit the lock out contactors and
starters are connected in parallel and the
closing coil A and B are connected in
series with the motor
• The coil A and B both will get energise
and attract and the armature according
to the current value the coil havin high
torque pull the armature towards its
side. This can be easily understood by
using graph
• Coil A is called main coil or closing coil
which closes the switch whereas coil B
is lock out coil which open the switch
• From the technical details
• it is also seen that the same contactor can be used with a dc, control supply also.
Resistors are connected in series with the ac standard rating coils for use on dc
supply.
• The drop off voltage for ac operated models is roughly between 65 and 45 per
cent and for dc operated models it is between 45 and 20 per cent of the rated coil
voltage. The contact material used is silver alloy so as to avoid welding tendency
of pure silver.
• Some of the common alloys used are: — Silver Nickel — Silver Cadmium Oxide —
Silver Tin Oxide-Silver Nickel is good for contactors of lower ratings upto about
100 A. For higher size of contactors, silver cadmium oxide is used as it has
superior anti-weld property.
• The latest innovation is the use of Silver Tin Oxide (AgSnO2) for contactors of
higher ratings. Notable advantages of Silver Tin Oxide are: • Erosion of contacts is
very less • No toxic effect because of absence of cadmium.
• RELAYS
• The literary meaning of word relay is to transmit information
• The function of relays in control circuit is also the same i.e., to sense or accept
information from some sensing device and feed it into control circuit at proper
level.
• The sensing devices used in conjunction with relays are known as pilot devices it
can senses current, voltage, overload,
frequency, temperature, pressure and
many others
• Control relay used are simlar in construction
to contactor there fore same symbol of
contactor coil is used
Types of relay
• Voltage relay
• Here operation is same as that of contactor when proper voltage is
applied normally open(NO) contactors normally closes(NC)hence vice
versa happens
• Pick up voltage: the voltage requires in movement of relay contacts
from their normal unoperated position to their operated position
• Drop out voltage:The voltage level at which the already operated
relay contacts return to their unoperated position
• D.C. Series Current Relay
• This relay changes its contact position in response to current change
in its coil
• The relay coil is connected in series with the circuit in which current
change is to be sensed.
• Pull in current
• It is the minimum value of current to close or pull in the relay
armature.
• Drop out current
• It is the value of current below which the relay no longer remains
closed after having being pulled in.
Series type current relay
• Latching Relays
• These relay is different from
convention type of relay
• This relay consist of two coil latch
coil is to energies the relay
contacts and unlatch coil
is to de energies the relay coil
• When ON-push button is pressed
latching relay LCR is energised and
contact L1 closes. Closing of
contact L1 energises motor
contactor C. When power fails
relay does not drop and contact L1
remains closed. Therefore when
power is restored, contactor C gets
energised automatically and there is
no need to push the ON-push
button. Whenever it is desired to
stop the motor the OFF-push button
is pressed which energises the
unlatch coil and thus contact L1
opens
• OVERLOAD RELAYS
• The function of overload relay is to protect a motor against
overloading.
• When a motor is mechnically overloaded it will draw more current
than its rated value.
• The overload conditions can also be caused if the supply voltage is
low or one of the supply phases is lost.
• The overload relays have inverse time current characteristic i.e., time
for relay operation decreases as the current increases.
• For large motors the overload relay may be connected indirectly
through current transformers.
• Bimetallic Thermal Overload Relay
• This is the most widely used relay
because of its simple construction
and minimal cost
• Bimetallic strips comprising two
dissimilar metals having different
thermal coefficients of expansion
are used for the three phases.
Current flowing through the coils
heat the bimetallic strips.
• This timer consists of a small motor, usually a
synchronous motor, which is engaged with gear
arrangement with the help of electrically
operated clutch. Gear arrangement reduces the
speed of motor to a desired low value. Motor
thus rotates a contact actuating lever through
gear arrangement
• TIME DELAY RELAYS (TIMERS)
• In time delay relays the relay contacts change
over their position after a pre set delay from
the time of energisation or de-energisation of
the relay coil
• Motor Driven Timers
• Electronic Timer
• Electronic timers are widely used in industry for
various applications due to their better accuracy and
longer life than the pneumatic timers. They are less
expensive than synchronous timers. Only critical
processes which demand very high accuracy require
synchronous timers
• PHASE FAILURE RELAY (SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER)
• In a 3-phase motor, when under running conditions, one of the three
fuses blows and power to the motor is supplied by the remaining two
phases, the motor is said to be running on single phasing condition.
• To maintain the same power input to the motor during single phasing
the current in the remaining two phases will increase by 1.73 times.
• Single phasing of the motor results in super positon of negative
sequence of current flow over the positive sequence through the motor
windings. These negative sequence currents are of double frequency as
compared to positive sequence currents
• PUSH BUTTON SWITCHES
• Push button switches are switches used in control circuit hence it is
called pilot device.
• Push button is divides in to two parts one is mechanical actuator
other is contact block
We have two types of push button
1.Momentary contact spring return
2.Maintained contact type
Push button station: two are three switch button mounted on a steel
and plastic enclousre for ex: forward direction reverse directon and
stopping the motor
• SELECTOR SWITCHES
• A selector switch will enable the operator to predetermine the
manner in which his machine is to operate.
• with push-button switches, selector switches also have two main
parts, the mechanical actuator and the contact block.
• Selector switches can have single break contacts or double break
contacts.
• DRUM SWITCHES
• Drum switches, also referred to as Master Controllers are identical in
function but of a different type of construction than selector switches
• A selector switch uses components similar to a push-button while a
drum switch consists of a shaft attached to the operating lever
(actuator), which has a number of cams mounted on it. Cams actuate
their respective contact when the operating lever is rotated
• One of the important applications of Drum switches is in overhead
cranes for controlling hoist, long travel, and cross-travel operations.
Separate drum switches are used for each of these operations.
• LIMIT SWITCHES
• Limit switch is an important control element. Limit switch contacts
change over their position when its actuating lever or knob is
actuated by the mechanical part of a machine. The mechanical part
attached to the machine which actuates the limit switch lever or knob
is known as actuator or dog.
• The simple application of a limit switch is in producing automatic to
and fro movement of a planar machine bed
• A Simple Limit Switch
• When the knob or pin is pushed the plunger attached to the knob
move down against spring pressure. The moving contacts mounted on
the plunger also moves down
• Limit switches are used to stop a mechanical movement of a machine
and may also be used to stop a particular movement, and initiate
another movement

• If the contacts of the limit switch change-over independent of the

speed of operation, the limit switch is known as snap-action limit
switch.
• Float switch
• Float switch are used to maintain liquid level with in the range in tank
by energsing the motorThis level sensing switches
• using a float can be of two types,
one using a rod and the other a
chain with a counter weight.
Level is sensing using a float