Kendriya

Vidyalaya
MISTRY INVESTIGATORY PRO
[ 2021-2022]

TOPIC :- GREEN CHEMISTRY

(BIO DIESEL AND BIO PETROL )

GUIDED BY :- Mrs. RICHA MA’AM

SUBMITTED BY :- KOMAL
CBSE ROLL NO. :- 25621919

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 CERTIFICAT
E
This is hereby to certify that, the original
and genuine investigation work has been
carried out to investigate about the subject
matter and the related data collection and
investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily by KOMAL of
class XII-A school KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
NO.1 ROORKEE , regarding her project
titled GREEN CHEMISTRY
(BIO DIESEL AND BIO PETROL)

Teacher In- External

Charge Examiner

2
 Acknowledgement
s
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not
have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals.

I would like to thank my principal Mr. Vipin Kumar

Tyagi sir and school for providing me with facilities
required to do my project.

I am highly indebted to my chemistry teacher, Mrs.

Richa ma’am , for her invaluable guidance which has
sustained my efforts in all the stages of this project
work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their

continuous support and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow

classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing the
project and to the people who have willingly helped me
out with their abilities.

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 INDE
X
S.No. Contents Page No.

1. Objective 5

2. Introduction to Green 6
Chemistry

3. Principles of Green 7
Chemistry

4. Bio Diesel: Using 11

renewable resources

5. Activity 1 – Making 14
Bio Diesel

6. Activity 2 – Testing 17
Bio Diesel

7. Activity 3 – Potential 20
for Bio fuels

8. Bio Petrol 30
9. Conclusion 33
10. Bibliography 34

11. End of Project 35

4
 Objective

The objective of this project is

to study Green Chemistry – Bio
Diesel & Bio Petrol and also to
study Extraction process of Bio
Diesel.

5
 One of the most
Introduction important new
aspects of chemistry is
t o green the development of
chemistry GREEN
CHEMISTRY
supported by the
American Chemical
Society, the USEPA
and other federal
agencies. GREEN
CHEMISTRY has
emerged as an
important aspect
all chemistry.of
GREEN
CHEMISTRY is the
design of chemical
products and
processes that reduce
or eliminate the use
and generation of
hazardous
substances.
GREEN
CHEMISTRY is
based on twelve
principles.

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Green chemistry is the branch of chemistry
concerned with developing processes and
products to reduce or eliminate hazardous
substances. One of the goals of green chemistry
is to prevent pollution at its source, as opposed
to dealing with pollution after it has occurred.

Principles of Green Chemistry –

1.Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or
clean up waste after it has been created.
2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to
maximize the incorporation of all materials
used in the process into the final product.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods
should be designed use generate
to possess little
substances that and
or no toxicity to
human health and the environment.
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 4. Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to affect
their desired function while minimizing their
toxicity.
5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents,
separation agents, etc.) should be made
unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous
when used.
6. Design for Energy Efficiency
Energy requirements of chemical processes
should be recognized for their environmental
and economic impacts and should be
minimized. If possible, synthetic methods
should be conducted at ambient temperature
and pressure.
7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks
A raw material or feedstock should be
renewable rather than depleting whenever
technically and economically practicable.

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 8. Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking
groups, protection/ non-protection, temporary
modification of physical/chemical processes)
should be minimized or avoided if possible,
because such steps require additional reagents
and can generate waste.
9. Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are
superior to stoichiometric reagents.
10. Design for Degradation
Chemical products should be designed so that
at the end of their function they break down
into innocuous degradation products and do
not persist in the environment.
11.Real-time analysis for Pollution
Prevention
Analytical methodologies need to be further
developed to allow for real-time, in process

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monitoring and control prior to the formation
of hazardous substances.
12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident
Prevention
Substances and the form of a substance used in
a chemical process should be chosen to
minimize the potential for chemical accidents,
including releases, explosions, and fires.

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 Bio diesel: using
renewable resources

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 Introduction
Bio-diesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel fuel
prepared from domestic renewable resources i.e.
vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil) and animal
fats. These natural oils and fats are made up mainly
of triglycerides. These triglycerides when
compared, show striking similarity to petroleum
derived diesel and are called "Bio - diesel". As
India is deficient in edible oils, non-edible oil may
be the material of choice for producing bio diesel.
For this purpose, Jatropha Curcas is considered as
most potential source for it. Bio diesel is produced
by transesterification of oil obtained from the plant.
Jatropha Curcas has been identified for India as
the most suitable Tree Borne Oil seed (TBO) for
production of bio-diesel both in view of the non-
edible oil available from it and its presence
throughout the country. The capacity of Jatropha
Curcas to rehabilitate degraded or dry lands, from
which the poor mostly derive their sustenance, by
improving land's water retention capacity, makes it
additionally suitable for upgradation of land
resources. Presently, in some Indian villages,
farmers are extracting oil from Jatropha and after

12
settling and decanting it they are mixing the filtered
oil with diesel fuel. Although, so far the farmers
have not observed any damage to their machinery,
yet this remains to be tested and PCRA is working
on it. The fact remains that this oil needs to be
converted to bio-diesel through a chemical reaction
- trans-esterification. This reaction is relatively
simple and does not require any exotic material.
IOC (R&D) has been using a laboratory scale plant
of 100 kg/day capacity for trans-esterification;
designing of larger capacity plants is in the offing.
These large plants are useful for centralized
production of bio-diesel. Production of bio-diesel in
smaller plants of capacity e.g. 5 to 20 kg/day may
also be started at decentralized level.

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 Activity 1: making bio diesel
Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids (long
chain carboxylic acids). It has similar properties to the
diesel fuel made from crude oil that is used to fuel many
vehicles. It can be made easily from vegetable cooking oil
that contains compounds of fatty acids. Enough fuel can
be produced in this activity to burn in a later activity,
although it is not pure enough to actually be used as fuel
in a car or lorry. The synthesis is a simple chemical
reaction that produces biodiesel and propane-1,2,3-triol
(glycerol). Cooking oil is mixed with methanol and
potassium hydroxide is added as a catalyst. The products
separate into two layers, with the biodiesel on the top.
The biodiesel is separated and washed, and is then ready
for further experimentation.

 What you will need:

 Eye protection
 Access to a top pan balance
 One 250 cm3 conical flask
 Two 100 cm3 beakers
 One 100 cm3 measuring cylinder
 Five plastic teat pipettes
 Distilled or deionized water
 100 cm3 vegetable-based cooking oil

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  15 cm3 methanol (highly flammable, toxic by
inhalation, if swallowed, and by skin absorption)
 1 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution 50%
(corrosive).

 Safety Measures:
 Wear eye protection.
 Methanol is flammable and poisonous.
 Potassium hydroxide is corrosive.

 What to Do:

1.Measure 100 cm3 of vegetable oil into the 250 cm3

flask. Weigh the flask before and after to determine
the mass of oil you used.

2. Carefully add 15 cm3 of methanol.

3. Slowly add 1 cm3 of 50% potassium hydroxide.

4. Stir or swirl the mixture for 10 minutes.

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5.Allow the mixture to stand until it separates into
two layers.

6.Carefully remove the top layer (this is impure

biodiesel) using a teat pipette.

7.Wash the product by shaking it with 10 cm3 of

distilled or deionized water.

8.Allow the mixture to stand until it separates into

two layers.

9.Carefully remove the top layer of biodiesel using

a teat pipette.

10.Weigh the amount of biodiesel you have

collected and compare it to the amount of vegetable
oil you started with.

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 Activity 2: t e s t i n g bio diesel
How does biodiesel compare to other fuels? Just
because we can produce a fuel from an alternative
source, does that mean it is a good idea? There are
many factors that go into the decision to use
alternative fuels. Ideally the physical properties of
an alternative fuel should equal or exceed those of
the traditional product. But how are fuels evaluated
in the first place? In this activity, biodiesel and
some other fuels are tested and compared for
sootiness and acidity.
 What you will need:
 Eye protection
 Small glass funnel (approximately 7 cm in
diameter)
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 One 250 cm3 flask
 Two boiling tubes
 One two-hole stopper to fit the boiling tubes
 Filter pump
 A piece of wide bore glass tubing approximately
10 cm long with two one-hole stoppers to fit
 A piece of vacuum tubing approximately 35 cm
long
 Two short pieces of glass tubing to fit the one-
hole stoppers
 5 cm glass bend to fit the two-hole stopper
 90o glass bend to fit the two-hole stopper (one
leg to extend to bottom of the flask)
 Two stands and clamps
 Two small metal sample dishes
 A little sodium hydroxide solution 0.1 mol dm
-3

(irritant)
 Universal indicator solution
 A little mineral wool.

 Safety Measures:
 Wear eye protection.

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  Take care when you have to insert glass tubing
into the stoppers yourself. Make sure that your
teacher shows you the correct technique.

 What to Do:
1. Pour 125 cm3 of distilled water into the 250 cm3 flask
and add 10 cm3 of universal indicator. Add one drop of
0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and gently swirl
the flask so that the color of the solution is violet or at
the most basic end of the universal indicator color range.
2. Place 10 cm3 of this solution into the boiling tube.
3.Assemble the apparatus illustrated in Figure 1,
attaching it to the filter pump with the vacuum tubing.
4.Place 2 cm3 of biodiesel onto a wad of mineral wool in
the metal sample cup.
5.Turn on the water tap so the filter pump pulls air
through the flask and ignites the biodiesel. Position the
funnel directly over the burning fuel, so as to capture the
fumes from the burning fuel. Mark or note the position
of the tap handle so you can run the pump at the same
flow rate later in the experiment.
6.Allow the experiment to run until the universal
indicator turns yellow and note the time - how long
this takes.

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7.Record what happens in the funnel and in the glass
tube containing the second piece of mineral wool.
8.Clean the apparatus, and repeat the experiment using
2 cm3 of kerosene (this is very similar to diesel fuel).

Activity 3: p o t e n t i a l f o r bio
fuels
9. Technical Feasibility –
-- Can be blended in any ratio with petro-diesel.
-- Existing storage facilities and infrastructure for petro-
diesel can be used with minor alteration.
-- From environment and emissions point of view it is
superior to petro-diesel.
-- It can provide energy security to remote and rural areas.
-- It has good potential for employment generation
2. Sources of Biodiesel –
-- All Tree Bearing Oil (TBO) seeds - edible and non-edible
-- Edible: Soya-bean, Sun-flower, Mustard Oil etc.
-- Non-edible: Jatropha Curcas, Pongemia Pinnata, Neem
etc.
-- Edible seeds can't be used for bio-diesel production in
our country, as its indigenous production does not meet
our current demand.

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-- Among non-edible TBO, Jatropha Curcas has
been identified as the most suitable seed for India.
3. Advantages of Jatropha –
-- Jatropha Curcas is a widely occurring variety of
TBO
-- It grows practically all over India under a variety of
agro climatic conditions.
-- Can be grown in arid zones (20 cm rainfall) as well as in
higher rainfall zones and even on the land with thin soil
cover.
-- Its plantation can be taken up as a quick yielding plant
even in adverse land situations viz. degraded and barren
lands under forest and non-forest use, dry and drought
prone areas, marginal lands, even on alkaline soils and as
agro-forestry crops.
-- It grows as a tree up to the height of 3 - 5 meters.
-- It is a good plantation for Eco-restoration in all
types wastelands.
4.Agro Practices (as per NOVOD, Ministry of
Agriculture, GOI) –
Nursery raising –
 Nurseries may be raised in poly-bags filled with
mixture of soil and farm yard manure in the ratio of
4:1.
 Two seeds are sown in each bag.
Plantation –
 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm pits are dug
 Farm yard manure (2-3 kg), 20 gm urea, 12 gm
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Single Super Phosphate (SSP) & 16 gm Mono
Phosphate (MP)
Planting density –
2500 plants / ha at 2m x
2m. Transplantation –
It should be done during rainy
reason. Fertilizer –
 From second year in the ratio of 40:60:20
Nitrogen Phosphorous and Potassium (NPK)
kg/ha.
Irrigation –
It is required only for the first two
years Pruning –
 During first year when branches reach a height of
40-60 cms
Pest & Disease control –
No disease or insects noticed to be
harmful Flowering and fruiting –
Flowering: Sept.- Dec. & March-
April Fruiting –
 After 2 months of flowering.

5.State-wise area undertaken by NOVOD for Jatropha

Plantation:

22
6.

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7. Employment potential (as per Planning Commission
report on bio-fuels, 2003):
-- Likely demand of petro diesel by 2006-07 will be 52
MMT and by 2011-12 it will increase to 67 MMT.
-- 5% blend of Bio-diesel with petro diesel will require
2.6 MMT of Bio-diesel in 2006-07
-- By 2011-12, for 20% blend with Petro-diesel, the
likely demand will be 13.4 MMT.
-- To meet the requirement of 2.6 MMT of bio-diesel,
plantation of Jatropha should be done on 2.2 - 2.6 million
ha area.
-- 11.2 - 13.4 million ha of land should be covered by 2011 -
12 for 20% bio-diesel blending
-- It will generate following no. of jobs in following areas.

Oil content –
35% to 40%
Collection and processing
–
 Ripe fruits collected
from trees.
8. Efforts of National Oilseed and Vegetable Oil
Development Board (NOVOD):
-- Systematic state/region wise survey for 24
identification of superior trees and superior seeds.
-- Maintenance of record on seeds/trees.
-- Samples of high yield to be sent to National Bureau of
Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) for accession and
cryopreservation.
NOVOD has developed improved Jatropha seeds, which
have oil contents up to 1.5 times of ordinary seeds.
However, being in short supply, initially these
improved Jatropha seeds would be supplied only to
Agricultural Universities for multiplication and
development.
After multiplication these would be supplied to different
states for further cultivation. This program is likely to take
3 - 4 years. It is also working for development of multi-
purpose post-harvest technology tools like decorticator
and de-huller, which would further improve oil recovery.
9. Trans-esterification Process:

 It is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by

another alcohol in a similar process to hydrolysis.
 Vegetable Oil i.e. the triglyceride can be easily trans-
esterified in the presence of alkaline catalyst at
atmospheric pressure and at temperature of
approximately 60 to 70oC with an excess of
methanol.
 If 100 gm of vegetable oil is taken, 1 gm of the
alkaline catalyst (Potassium Hydroxide), and 12 gm
of Methanol would be required as a first step, the
alkaline catalyst is 25
 mixed with methanol and the mixture is stirred for half
an hour for its homogenization. This mixture is mixed
with vegetable oil and the resultant mixture is made to
pass through reflux condensation at 65oC.
 The mixture at the end is allowed to settle.
 The lower layer will be of glycerin and it is drain off.
 The upper layer of bio-diesel (a methyl ester) is
washed to remove entrained glycerin.
 The excess methanol recycled by distillation.
 This reaction works well with high quality oil. If the
oil contains 1% Free Fatty Acid (FFA), then difficulty
arises
because of soap formation. If FFA content is more
than 2% the reaction becomes unworkable.
 Methanol is inflammable and Potassium Hydroxide is
caustic, hence proper and safe handling of these
chemicals are must.
10. Agencies & Institutes working in the field of
biodiesel
-- National Oil seeds and Vegetable Oil Board, Gurgaon
-- PCRA - Petroleum Conservation Research
Association (MOP&NG)
-- IOC (R&D) Centre, Faridabad
-- Delhi College of Engineering
-- IIT, Delhi
-- IIP, Dehradun
-- Downstream National Oil Companies
-- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 26
Hyderabad
-- Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
-- Central Pollution Control Board
-- Bureau of Indian Standards
-- Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency States, which have made some lead:
Uttaranchal:
 Uttaranchal Bio-fuel Board (UBB) has been
constituted as a nodal agency for bio-diesel promotion
in the state.
 Has undertaken Jatropha plantation in an area of 1
lakh hectare.
 UBB has established Jatropha Gene Bank to preserve
high yielding seed varieties.
 Has ambitious plan to produce 100 million liters of
bio- diesel.
Andhra Pradesh:
 Govt. of AP (Go AP) to encourage Jatropha plantation
in 10 rain shadow districts of AP
 Task force for it has been constituted at district and
state level Go AP proposed Jatropha cultivation in 15
lakh acres in next 4 years
 Initial target is 2 lakh acres
 Irrigation to be dovetailed with Jatropha cultivation
 90% drip subsidy is proposed
 Jatropha cultivation to be taken up only in
cultivable lands with existing farmers.
 Crop and yield insurance is proposed.
Chhattisgarh:
27
  6 lakh saplings of Jatropha have been planted with the
involvement of State's Forest, Agriculture, Panchayat
and Rural Development Departments
 As per the Deputy Chairman, State Planning Board,
the
state has the target to cover 1 million ha of land
under Jatropha plantation
 Ten reputed bio-diesel companies, including the UK-
based D1 Oils, have offered to set up Jatropha oil-
extraction units or to buy the produce from farmers in
Chhattisgarh.
 Companies like Indian Oil, Indian Railways and
Hindustan Petroleum have each deposited Rs 10 lakh
as
security for future.
 MoUs with the state government.
11. Farmers' Initiatives in Haryana:
-- Farmers in Haryana have formed NGOs and
cooperatives for promotion of Jatropha plantation.
-- These NGOs and cooperatives are raising nurseries
for Jatropha plantation and supplying saplings to
others for further cultivation.
-- They have been blending directly Jatropha Oil into
diesel fuel and successfully using this blend in their
tractors and diesel engines without any problems.
-- These NGOs and cooperatives are also organizing the
practical demonstration of this usage in their
demonstration workshops.
-- They are organizing local seminars, workshops
and conferences etc. to promote the usage of
Jatropha oil. 28
-- NGOs have also printed some booklets on
Jatropha plantation.
12. Current usages of biodiesel / Trials & testing of
biodiesel:
-- Usages of bio-diesel are similar to that of petro-
diesel
-- Shatabdi Express was run on 5% blend of bio-diesel
from Delhi to Amritsar on 31st Dec. 2002 in association
with IOC.
-- Field trials of 10% bio-diesel blend were also done
on Lucknow-Allahabad Jan Shatabdi Express also
through association with IOC.
-- HPCL is also carrying out field trials in association with
BEST Bio-Diesel blend from IOC (R&D) is being used in
buses in Mumbai as well as in Rewari, in Haryana on trial
basis.
-- CSIR and Daimler Chrysler have jointly undertaken a
successful 5000 km trial run of Mercedes cars using bio-
diesel as fuel.
-- NOVOD has initiated test run by blending 10% bio-
diesel in collaboration with IIT, Delhi in Tata Sumo &
Swaraj Mazda vehicles.

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 Bio –p e t r o l
Introduction:
Measures to be implemented to resolve the problem of sewage sludge
that contain a high degree of organic matter could primarily aim at
recycling it through a thermochemical pyrolysis process in order to
recover hydrocarbons that make up the structure of sewage sludge.
Pyrolysis of sewage sludge produces oil, gas and char products. The
pyrolysis oils have also been shown to contain valuable chemicals in
significant concentrations and hence may have the potential to be used
as chemical feedstock. The production of a liquid product increases the
ease of handling, storage and transport. The technology, improved by
Bio Petrol Ltd. (patent pending) is capable of processing carbon
wastes, other than sewage sludge, including agro-wastes, bagasse, pulp
and paper residues, tannery sludge and other end-of-life products such
as plastics, tires and the organics in municipal solid waste. The process
of low temperature thermochemical conversion of municipal sewage
sludge to oil is a new technology in developed countries. The amount of
investment is still less than the amount invested in the sewage sludge
incineration process, and the operational economy of the process is
obviously superior to incineration. The Bio Petrol, Ltd. integrated
thermochemical process (patent pending) recovers about 1,100,000
Kcal from each 283 kg of sewage sludge 90% D.S. after the thermal
evaporating of 717kg water from each dewatered ton (1,000 kg) of
sewage sludge 26% D.S. The Bio Petrol process begins with sewage
sludge at 90% D.S. Sewage sludge drying equipment is used commonly
for the evaporative removal of interstitial water from the sludge.
Numerous drying technologies exist on the market.

Market Analysis and Strategy –

Three potential products/services:

30
1.Disposal of Sewage Sludge – Disposal of sewage sludge
comprises over 30% of wastewater treatment plants’ budget.
Customers of this service are local communities. They are
willing to pay top dollar for the disposal of their sludge. For
example: Holland $50-$90 per ton, U.S., Canada and Australia,
up to $150 per ton. The US produces 25 million tons of sludge
annually (2001).
2.Synthetic Crude Oil – Excess crude oil, beyond what is being
recirculated to run equipment A+B is about 30 kg per 1-ton
sewage sludge 90% D.S. Oil energy = 8,900 Kcal/kg same as
diesel oil used in heavy industry. There are references in
professional literature to numerous valuable chemicals in
significant concentration that are present in pyrolysis oils. Bio
Petrol Ltd has on board, as a shareholder, an internationally
renowned scientist-academician to address this issue.
3.Selling the Technology - With the completion of the
development of the process and equipment for its operation,
Bio Petrol. Ltd. will have the technology to sell to world
markets. Potential markets are water authorities,
municipalities, wastewater treatment plants, entrepreneurs,
sewage sludge disposal contractors, sludge drying operators.
Bio-Petrol Company has carried out R&D work which has
resulted in the formulation of a suitable process for producing
synthetic oil from sewage sludge with larger output than that
obtained from the common process-i.e. pyrolysis. By
integrating familiar liquefaction methods, the company
developed a process of high utilization of the organic matter
that is in the sewage sludge that produces oil and gas in larger
quantities and of better quality.

31
What is Ethanol?
Ethanol is part of a category of molecules called alcohols.
The simplest alcohol is called methanol and is very similar
to a compound called methane. Methane is a molecule
composed of one carbon atom surrounded by 4 hydrogen
atoms. In methanol, one of these hydrogen atoms are
replaced with an oxygen atom with a hydrogen atom
attached to it. This two atom group, oxygen attached to a
hydrogen, is called an alcohol group.
It’s not a question of if we will stop using oil but when.
Soon, we will all have to replace oil with a different,
renewable source and ethanol may be the answer.

32
Conclusion

33
Bi b l i ogr a phy
 https://www.icbse.com

 https://www.chemistry.org

 www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/environment.html

 www.pcra.org

 Petroleum Conservation Research

Association (PCRA).

 https://www.en.wikipedia.org

 Class 12 Chemistry Lab Manual

 Class 12 NCERT Textbook.

 Survey of India etc.

34