Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12 - Green Chemistry - Bio Diesel And

Bio Petrol
1. 1. 1 Chemistry Investigatory Project By – Dhananjay Dhiman XII – A CBSE Examination Roll
No. - K.V. S.V.P. N.P.A. Shivarampally 2016-17
2. 2. 2 Certificate This is to certify that this “Chemistry Investigatory Project” has been
successfully completed by Dhananjay Dhiman of class XII – A under the guidance of Mr. B.
Venkaiah in particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education
{CBSE} leading to the award of annual examination of the year 2016-17. Teacher In-Charge
External Examiner
3. 3. 3 Acknowledgements I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to thank my
principal Dr. NSK Swamy and school for providing me with facilities required to do my
project. I am highly indebted to my chemistry teacher, Mr. B. Venkaiah, for his invaluable
guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the stages of this project work. I would also
like to thank my parents for their continuous support and encouragement. My thanks and
appreciations also go to my fellow classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing the
project and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
4. 4. 4 INDEX S.No. Contents Page No. 1. Objective 5 2. Introduction to Green Chemistry 6 3.
Principles of Green Chemistry 7 4. Bio Diesel: Using renewable resources 11 5. Activity 1 –
Making Bio Diesel 14 6. Activity 2 – Testing Bio Diesel 17 7. Activity 3 – Potential for Bio
fuels 20 8. Bio Petrol 30 9. Conclusion 33 10. Bibliography 34 11. End of Project 35
5. 5. 5 Objective The objective of this project is to study Green Chemistry – Bio Diesel & Bio
Petrol and also to study Extraction process of Bio Diesel.
6. 6. 6 Introduction to green chemistry One of the most important new aspects of chemistry is
the development of GREEN CHEMISTRY supported by the American Chemical Society, the
USEPA and other federal agencies. GREEN CHEMISTRY has emerged as an important
aspect of all chemistry. GREEN CHEMISTRY is the design of chemical products and
processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances..
7. 7. 7 Green chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with developing processes and
products to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances. One of the goals of green chemistry
is to prevent pollution at its source, as opposed to dealing with pollution after it has occurred.
Principles of Green Chemistry – 1.Prevention It is better to prevent waste than to treat or
clean up waste after it has been created. 2.Atom Economy Synthetic methods should be
designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final
product. 3.Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis Wherever practicable, synthetic methods
should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to
human health and the environment.
8. 8. 8 4.Designing Safer Chemicals Chemical products should be designed to affect their
desired function while minimizing their toxicity. 5.Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries The use of
auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary
wherever possible and innocuous when used. 6.Design for Energy Efficiency Energy
requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and
economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be
conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. 7.Use of Renewable Feedstocks A raw
material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and
economically practicable.
9. 9. 9 8.Reduce Derivatives Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/
non-protection, temporary GREEN CHEMISTRY is based on twelve principles modification
of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such
steps require additional reagents and can generate waste. 9.Catalysis Catalytic reagents (as
selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. 10. Design for Degradation
 Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down
into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment. 11. Real-time
analysis for Pollution Prevention Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to
allow for real-time, in process
10. 10. 10 monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. 12. Inherently
Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention Substances and the form of a substance used in a
chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents,
including releases, explosions, and fires.
11. 11. 11 Bio diesel: using renewable resources
12. 12. 12 Introduction Bio-diesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from
domestic renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil) and animal fats.
These natural oils and fats are made up mainly of triglycerides. These triglycerides when
compared, show striking similarity to petroleum derived diesel and are called "Bio - diesel".
As India is deficient in edible oils, non-edible oil may be the material of choice for producing
bio diesel. For this purpose, Jatropha Curcas is considered as most potential source for it.
Bio diesel is produced by transesterification of oil obtained from the plant. Jatropha Curcas
has been identified for India as the most suitable Tree Borne Oil seed (TBO) for production
of bio-diesel both in view of the non- edible oil available from it and its presence throughout
the country. The capacity of Jatropha Curcas to rehabilitate degraded or dry lands, from
which the poor mostly derive their sustenance, by improving land's water retention capacity,
makes it additionally suitable for upgradation of land resources. Presently, in some Indian
villages, farmers are extracting oil from Jatropha and after
13. 13. 13 settling and decanting it they are mixing the filtered oil with diesel fuel. Although, so
far the farmers have not observed any damage to their machinery, yet this remains to be
tested and PCRA is working on it. The fact remains that this oil needs to be converted to bio-
diesel through a chemical reaction - trans-esterification. This reaction is relatively simple and
does not require any exotic material. IOC (R&D) has been using a laboratory scale plant of
100 kg/day capacity for trans-esterification; designing of larger capacity plants is in the offing.
These large plants are useful for centralized production of bio-diesel. Production of bio-diesel
in smaller plants of capacity e.g. 5 to 20 kg/day may also be started at decentralized level.
14. 14. 14 Activity 1: making bio diesel Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids (long
chain carboxylic acids). It has similar properties to the diesel fuel made from crude oil that is
used to fuel many vehicles. It can be made easily from vegetable cooking oil that contains
compounds of fatty acids. Enough fuel can be produced in this activity to burn in a later
activity, although it is not pure enough to actually be used as fuel in a car or lorry. The
synthesis is a simple chemical reaction that produces biodiesel and propane-1,2,3-triol
(glycerol). Cooking oil is mixed with methanol and potassium hydroxide is added as a
catalyst. The products separate into two layers, with the biodiesel on the top. The biodiesel is
separated and washed, and is then ready for further experimentation. What you will need: 
Eye protection  Access to a top pan balance  One 250 cm3 conical flask  Two 100 cm3
beakers  One 100 cm3 measuring cylinder  Five plastic teat pipettes  Distilled or
deionized water  100 cm3 vegetable-based cooking oil
15. 15. 15  15 cm3 methanol (highly flammable, toxic by inhalation, if swallowed, and by skin
absorption)  1 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution 50% (corrosive).  Safety Measures: 
Wear eye protection.  Methanol is flammable and poisonous.  Potassium hydroxide is
corrosive.  What to Do: 1. Measure 100 cm3 of vegetable oil into the 250 cm3 flask. Weigh
the flask before and after to determine the mass of oil you used. 2. Carefully add 15 cm3 of
methanol. 3. Slowly add 1 cm3 of 50% potassium hydroxide. 4. Stir or swirl the mixture for 10
minutes.
16. 16. 16 5. Allow the mixture to stand until it separates into two layers. 6. Carefully remove the
top layer (this is impure biodiesel) using a teat pipette. 7. Wash the product by shaking it with
10 cm3 of distilled or deionized water. 8. Allow the mixture to stand until it separates into two
layers. 9. Carefully remove the top layer of biodiesel using a teat pipette. 10. Weigh the
 amount of biodiesel you have collected and compare it to the amount of vegetable oil you
started with.
17. 17. 17 Activity 2: testing bio diesel How does biodiesel compare to other fuels? Just because
we can produce a fuel from an alternative source, does that mean it is a good idea? There
are many factors that go into the decision to use alternative fuels. Ideally the physical
properties of an alternative fuel should equal or exceed those of the traditional product. But
how are fuels evaluated in the first place? In this activity, biodiesel and some other fuels are
tested and compared for sootiness and acidity. What you will need:  Eye protection 
Small glass funnel (approximately 7 cm in diameter)
18. 18. 18  One 250 cm3 flask  Two boiling tubes  One two-hole stopper to fit the boiling
tubes  Filter pump  A piece of wide bore glass tubing approximately 10 cm long with two
one-hole stoppers to fit  A piece of vacuum tubing approximately 35 cm long  Two short
pieces of glass tubing to fit the one- hole stoppers  5 cm glass bend to fit the two-hole
stopper  90o glass bend to fit the two-hole stopper (one leg to extend to bottom of the flask)
 Two stands and clamps  Two small metal sample dishes  A little sodium hydroxide
solution 0.1 mol dm -3 (irritant)  Universal indicator solution  A little mineral wool.  Safety
Measures:  Wear eye protection.
19. 19. 19  Take care when you have to insert glass tubing into the stoppers yourself. Make
sure that your teacher shows you the correct technique.  What to Do: 1. Pour 125 cm3 of
distilled water into the 250 cm3 flask and add 10 cm3 of universal indicator. Add one drop of
0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and gently swirl the flask so that the color of the
solution is violet or at the most basic end of the universal indicator color range. 2. Place 10
cm3 of this solution into the boiling tube. 3. Assemble the apparatus illustrated in Figure 1,
attaching it to the filter pump with the vacuum tubing. 4. Place 2 cm3 of biodiesel onto a wad
of mineral wool in the metal sample cup. 5. Turn on the water tap so the filter pump pulls air
through the flask and ignites the biodiesel. Position the funnel directly over the burning fuel,
so as to capture the fumes from the burning fuel. Mark or note the position of the tap handle
so you can run the pump at the same flow rate later in the experiment. 6. Allow the
experiment to run until the universal indicator turns yellow and note the time - how long this
takes.
20. 20. 20 7. Record what happens in the funnel and in the glass tube containing the second
piece of mineral wool. 8. Clean the apparatus, and repeat the experiment using 2 cm3 of
kerosene (this is very similar to diesel fuel). Activity 3: potential for bio fuels 1.Technical
Feasibility – -- Can be blended in any ratio with petro-diesel. -- Existing storage facilities and
infrastructure for petro-diesel can be used with minor alteration. -- From environment and
emissions point of view it is superior to petro-diesel. -- It can provide energy security to
remote and rural areas. -- It has good potential for employment generation 2.Sources of
Biodiesel – -- All Tree Bearing Oil (TBO) seeds - edible and non-edible -- Edible: Soya-bean,
Sun-flower, Mustard Oil etc. -- Non-edible: Jatropha Curcas, Pongemia Pinnata, Neem etc. --
Edible seeds can't be used for bio-diesel production in our country, as its indigenous
production does not meet our current demand.
21. 21. 21 -- Among non-edible TBO, Jatropha Curcas has been identified as the most suitable
seed for India. 3.Advantages of Jatropha – -- Jatropha Curcas is a widely occurring variety of
TBO -- It grows practically all over India under a variety of agro climatic conditions. -- Can be
grown in arid zones (20 cm rainfall) as well as in higher rainfall zones and even on the land
with thin soil cover. -- Its plantation can be taken up as a quick yielding plant even in adverse
land situations viz. degraded and barren lands under forest and non-forest use, dry and
drought prone areas, marginal lands, even on alkaline soils and as agro-forestry crops. -- It
grows as a tree up to the height of 3 - 5 meters. -- It is a good plantation for Eco-restoration
in all types wastelands. 4.Agro Practices (as per NOVOD, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI) –
Nursery raising –  Nurseries may be raised in poly-bags filled with mixture of soil and farm
yard manure in the ratio of 4:1.  Two seeds are sown in each bag. Plantation –  30 cm x 30
 cm x 30 cm pits are dug  Farm yard manure (2-3 kg), 20 gm urea, 12 gm Single Super
Phosphate (SSP) & 16 gm Mono Phosphate (MP)
22. 22. 22 Planting density –  2500 plants / ha at 2m x 2m. Transplantation –  It should be
done during rainy reason. Fertilizer –  From second year in the ratio of 40:60:20 Nitrogen
Phosphorous and Potassium (NPK) kg/ha. Irrigation –  It is required only for the first two
years Pruning –  During first year when branches reach a height of 40-60 cms Pest &
Disease control –  No disease or insects noticed to be harmful Flowering and fruiting – 
Flowering: Sept.- Dec. & March- April Fruiting –  After 2 months of flowering. 5.State-wise
area undertaken by NOVOD for Jatropha Plantation:
23. 23. 23 6.
24. 24. 24 7. Employment potential (as per Planning Commission report on bio-fuels, 2003): --
Likely demand of petro diesel by 2006-07 will be 52 MMT and by 2011-12 it will increase to
67 MMT. -- 5% blend of Bio-diesel with petro diesel will require 2.6 MMT of Bio-diesel in
2006-07 -- By 2011-12, for 20% blend with Petro-diesel, the likely demand will be 13.4 MMT.
-- To meet the requirement of 2.6 MMT of bio-diesel, plantation of Jatropha should be done
on 2.2 - 2.6 million ha area. -- 11.2 - 13.4 million ha of land should be covered by 2011 - 12
for 20% bio-diesel blending -- It will generate following no. of jobs in following areas. Oil
content –  35% to 40% Collection and processing –  Ripe fruits collected from trees. 8.
Efforts of National Oilseed and Vegetable Oil Development Board (NOVOD): -- Systematic
state/region wise survey for identification of superior trees and superior seeds.
25. 25. 25 -- Maintenance of record on seeds/trees. -- Samples of high yield to be sent to
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) for accession and cryopreservation.
NOVOD has developed improved Jatropha seeds, which have oil contents up to 1.5 times of
ordinary seeds. However, being in short supply, initially these improved Jatropha seeds
would be supplied only to Agricultural Universities for multiplication and development. After
multiplication these would be supplied to different states for further cultivation. This program
is likely to take 3 - 4 years. It is also working for development of multi-purpose post-harvest
technology tools like decorticator and de-huller, which would further improve oil recovery. 9.
Trans-esterification Process:  It is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another
alcohol in a similar process to hydrolysis.  Vegetable Oil i.e. the triglyceride can be easily
trans- esterified in the presence of alkaline catalyst at atmospheric pressure and at
temperature of approximately 60 to 70o C with an excess of methanol.  If 100 gm of
vegetable oil is taken, 1 gm of the alkaline catalyst (Potassium Hydroxide), and 12 gm of
Methanol would be required as a first step, the alkaline catalyst is
26. 26. 26 mixed with methanol and the mixture is stirred for half an hour for its homogenization.
This mixture is mixed with vegetable oil and the resultant mixture is made to pass through
reflux condensation at 65o C.  The mixture at the end is allowed to settle.  The lower layer
will be of glycerin and it is drain off.  The upper layer of bio-diesel (a methyl ester) is
washed to remove entrained glycerin.  The excess methanol recycled by distillation.  This
reaction works well with high quality oil. If the oil contains 1% Free Fatty Acid (FFA), then
difficulty arises because of soap formation. If FFA content is more than 2% the reaction
becomes unworkable.  Methanol is inflammable and Potassium Hydroxide is caustic, hence
proper and safe handling of these chemicals are must. 10. Agencies & Institutes working in
the field of biodiesel -- National Oil seeds and Vegetable Oil Board, Gurgaon -- PCRA -
Petroleum Conservation Research Association (MOP&NG) -- IOC (R&D) Centre, Faridabad -
- Delhi College of Engineering -- IIT, Delhi -- IIP, Dehradun -- Downstream National Oil
Companies -- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad -- CSIR
27. 27. 27 -- Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources -- Central Pollution Control Board --
Bureau of Indian Standards -- Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency States, which
have made some lead: Uttaranchal:  Uttaranchal Bio-fuel Board (UBB) has been constituted
as a nodal agency for bio-diesel promotion in the state.  Has undertaken Jatropha
plantation in an area of 1 lakh hectare.  UBB has established Jatropha Gene Bank to
 preserve high yielding seed varieties.  Has ambitious plan to produce 100 million liters of
bio- diesel. Andhra Pradesh:  Govt. of AP (Go AP) to encourage Jatropha plantation in 10
rain shadow districts of AP  Task force for it has been constituted at district and state level
Go AP proposed Jatropha cultivation in 15 lakh acres in next 4 years  Initial target is 2 lakh
acres  Irrigation to be dovetailed with Jatropha cultivation  90% drip subsidy is proposed 
Jatropha cultivation to be taken up only in cultivable lands with existing farmers.  Crop and
yield insurance is proposed. Chhattisgarh:
28. 28. 28  6 lakh saplings of Jatropha have been planted with the involvement of State's
Forest, Agriculture, Panchayat and Rural Development Departments  As per the Deputy
Chairman, State Planning Board, the state has the target to cover 1 million ha of land under
Jatropha plantation  Ten reputed bio-diesel companies, including the UK-based D1 Oils,
have offered to set up Jatropha oil-extraction units or to buy the produce from farmers in
Chhattisgarh.  Companies like Indian Oil, Indian Railways and Hindustan Petroleum have
each deposited Rs 10 lakh as security for future.  MoUs with the state government. 11.
Farmers' Initiatives in Haryana: -- Farmers in Haryana have formed NGOs and cooperatives
for promotion of Jatropha plantation. -- These NGOs and cooperatives are raising nurseries
for Jatropha plantation and supplying saplings to others for further cultivation. -- They have
been blending directly Jatropha Oil into diesel fuel and successfully using this blend in their
tractors and diesel engines without any problems. -- These NGOs and cooperatives are also
organizing the practical demonstration of this usage in their demonstration workshops. --
They are organizing local seminars, workshops and conferences etc. to promote the usage
of Jatropha oil.
29. 29. 29 -- NGOs have also printed some booklets on Jatropha plantation. 12. Current usages
of biodiesel / Trials & testing of biodiesel: -- Usages of bio-diesel are similar to that of petro-
diesel -- Shatabdi Express was run on 5% blend of bio-diesel from Delhi to Amritsar on 31st
Dec. 2002 in association with IOC. -- Field trials of 10% bio-diesel blend were also done on
Lucknow-Allahabad Jan Shatabdi Express also through association with IOC. -- HPCL is
also carrying out field trials in association with BEST Bio-Diesel blend from IOC (R&D) is
being used in buses in Mumbai as well as in Rewari, in Haryana on trial basis. -- CSIR and
Daimler Chrysler have jointly undertaken a successful 5000 km trial run of Mercedes cars
using bio-diesel as fuel. -- NOVOD has initiated test run by blending 10% bio-diesel in
collaboration with IIT, Delhi in Tata Sumo & Swaraj Mazda vehicles.
30. 30. 30 Bio – petrol Introduction: Measures to be implemented to resolve the problem of
sewage sludge that contain a high degree of organic matter could primarily aim at recycling it
through a thermochemical pyrolysis process in order to recover hydrocarbons that make up
the structure of sewage sludge. Pyrolysis of sewage sludge produces oil, gas and char
products. The pyrolysis oils have also been shown to contain valuable chemicals in
significant concentrations and hence may have the potential to be used as chemical
feedstock. The production of a liquid product increases the ease of handling, storage and
transport. The technology, improved by Bio Petrol Ltd. (patent pending) is capable of
processing carbon wastes, other than sewage sludge, including agro-wastes, bagasse, pulp
and paper residues, tannery sludge and other end-of-life products such as plastics, tires and
the organics in municipal solid waste. The process of low temperature thermochemical
conversion of municipal sewage sludge to oil is a new technology in developed countries.
The amount of investment is still less than the amount invested in the sewage sludge
incineration process, and the operational economy of the process is obviously superior to
incineration. The Bio Petrol, Ltd. integrated thermochemical process (patent pending)
recovers about 1,100,000 Kcal from each 283 kg of sewage sludge 90% D.S. after the
thermal evaporating of 717kg water from each dewatered ton (1,000 kg) of sewage sludge
26% D.S. The Bio Petrol process begins with sewage sludge at 90% D.S. Sewage sludge
drying equipment is used commonly for the evaporative removal of interstitial water from the
 sludge. Numerous drying technologies exist on the market. Market Analysis and Strategy –
Three potential products/services:
31. 31. 31 1. Disposal of Sewage Sludge – Disposal of sewage sludge comprises over 30% of
wastewater treatment plants’ budget. Customers of this service are local communities. They
are willing to pay top dollar for the disposal of their sludge. For example: Holland $50-$90
per ton, U.S., Canada and Australia, up to $150 per ton. The US produces 25 million tons of
sludge annually (2001). 2. Synthetic Crude Oil – Excess crude oil, beyond what is being
recirculated to run equipment A+B is about 30 kg per 1-ton sewage sludge 90% D.S. Oil
energy = 8,900 Kcal/kg same as diesel oil used in heavy industry. There are references in
professional literature to numerous valuable chemicals in significant concentration that are
present in pyrolysis oils. Bio Petrol Ltd has on board, as a shareholder, an internationally
renowned scientist-academician to address this issue. 3. Selling the Technology - With the
completion of the development of the process and equipment for its operation, Bio Petrol.
Ltd. will have the technology to sell to world markets. Potential markets are water authorities,
municipalities, wastewater treatment plants, entrepreneurs, sewage sludge disposal
contractors, sludge drying operators. Bio-Petrol Company has carried out R&D work which
has resulted in the formulation of a suitable process for producing synthetic oil from sewage
sludge with larger output than that obtained from the common process-i.e. pyrolysis. By
integrating familiar liquefaction methods, the company developed a process of high utilization
of the organic matter that is in the sewage sludge that produces oil and gas in larger
quantities and of better quality.
32. 32. 32 What is Ethanol? Ethanol is part of a category of molecules called alcohols. The
simplest alcohol is called methanol and is very similar to a compound called methane.
Methane is a molecule composed of one carbon atom surrounded by 4 hydrogen atoms. In
methanol, one of these hydrogen atoms are replaced with an oxygen atom with a hydrogen
atom attached to it. This two atom group, oxygen attached to a hydrogen, is called an alcohol
group. It’s not a question of if we will stop using oil but when. Soon, we will all have to
replace oil with a different, renewable source and ethanol may be the answer.
33. 33. 33 Conclusion
34. 34. 34 Bibliography https://www.icbse.com https://www.chemistry.org
www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/environment.html www.pcra.org Petroleum Conservation
Research Association (PCRA). https://www.en.wikipedia.org Class 12 Chemistry Lab
Manual Class 12 NCERT Textbook. Survey of India etc.
35. 35. 35 End of Project Thank you…!