Objective

Objective
The Objective of this project is to study GREEN

CHEMISTRY- Bio diesel and Bio petrol also study
extraction process of Bio Diesel.
INTRODUCTION TO GREEN CHEMISTRY
Green chemistry is the design of chemical

products and processes that reduce or
eliminate the generation of hazardous
substances.
Green chemistry searches for alternative,
environmentally friendly reaction media
and at the same time strives to increase
reaction rates and lower reaction
temperatures.
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Examples:—
➡️ Biodegradable plastic
➡️ Bio–Diesel
➡️ Bio-Petrol
➡️ Bio Based Chemicals
➡️ Green Solvent
➡️ Paints
3
Principles Of Green Chemistry
There are 12 principles of green chemistry
Waste Prevention
Prioritize the prevention of waste, rather than
cleaning up and treating the waste after it has
been created.
Atom Economy
Reduce waste at molecular level by
maximizing the number of atoms from all
reagents that are incorporated into the
final product.
4
Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis
Design chemical reactions and synthetic
routes to be as safe as possible. Consider
the hazards of all substances handled
during the reaction, including waste.
Designing Safer Chemicals
Minimize toxicity directly by molecular
design. Predict and evaluate aspects such
as physical properties, toxicity, and
environmental fate throughout the design
process.
5
SAFER SOLVENTS & AUXILIARIES
Choose the safest solvent available for
any given step. Minimize the total amount
of solvents and auxiliary substances used,
as these make up a large percentage of
the total waste created.
Design For Energy Efficiency
Choose the least energy intensive
chemical route. Avoid heating and
cooling, as well as pressurized and
vacuum condition.
Use Of Renewable Feedstocks
Use of chemicals which made from
Renewable sources, rather than other,
chemicals originating from petrochemical
sources.
6
Reduce derivatives
Minimize the use of temporary derivatives
such as protecting group. Avoid
derivatives to reduce reaction steps,
resources required, and waste created.
Catalysis
Use of catalytic instead of stoichiometric
reagents in reaction. Choose catalysts to
help increase selectivity, minimize waste,
and reduce reaction times and energy
demands.
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Design For Degradation
Design chemicals that degrade and can
be discarded easily. Ensure that both
chemicals and their degradation products
are not toxic, bio accumulative, or
environmentally persistent.
REAL-TIME POLLUTION PREVENTION
Monitor chemical reactions in real-time as
they occur to prevent the formation and
release of any potentially hazardous and
polluting substances.
8
SAFER CHEMISTRY FOR ACCIDENT
PREVENTION
Choose and develop chemical procedures
that are safer and inherently minimize the
risk of accidents. Know the possible risks
and assess them beforehand.
9
Bio Diesel .
Introduction
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived
from plants or animals and consisting of
long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically
made by chemically reacting lipids such as
animal fat, soybean oil, or some
other vegetable oil with an alcohol
producing a methyl, ethyl or propyl
ester by the process of transesterification.
10
➡️Does Biodiesel Work in the Cold?
Diesel engines differ from combustion engines in that

they are lubricated by the fuel combusted, not by oil
added to the engine. A second difference is that a
diesel engine starts and stops with fuel in the system.
A challenge for the designers of diesel engines is the
change in the properties of diesel fuel that occurs at
lower temperatures: it becomes a thick and viscous
gel. This property of diesel is of particular concern in
Alberta where temperatures during winter can be
extremely low.
The viscosity of liquids can easily be compared using

a 100 mL burette and a stopwatch. By measuring the
time required for 100 mL of your fuel to flow from the
stopcock of the burette, you can determine the
viscosity of fuels.
Another means of determining viscosity used

commonly in the fuel industry, is to measure the fuel’s
cloud point (the temperature at which small, solid
11
crystals first appear as the fuel is cooled).
Determining a fuel’s cloud point is important because
gelled or crystallized fuel will prevent the proper
operation of a diesel engine
12
Making Of Biodiesel .
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is made

from vegetable and animal oils. It can be
used directly in diesel vehicles or blended
with traditional petroleum diesel. You will
discover during this lab how easy it is to
make and store biodiesel. The chemical
reaction to produce biodiesel is as follows:
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What you will need
➡️ protection
➡️Access to a top pan balance
➡️One 250 ml conical flask
➡️Two 100 ml beakers
➡️One 100 ml measuring cylinder
➡️Five plastic teat pipettes
➡️Distilled water
➡️100 ml vegetable-based cooking oil
➡️15 ml methanol (highly flammable, toxic by

inhalation, if swallowed, and by skin absorption)
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➡️1 ml potassium hydroxide solution 50%
(corrosive).
Safety
➡️Wear eye protection.
➡️Methanol is flammable and poisonous.
➡️ hydroxide is corrosive.
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What to do
1. Measure 100 ml of vegetable oil into the 250 ml

flask. Weigh the flask before and after to
determine the mass of oil you used.
2. Carefully add 15 ml of methanol.
3. Slowly add 1 ml of 50% potassium hydroxide.
4. Stir or swirl the mixture for 10 minutes.
5. Allow the mixture to stand until it separates into
two layers.
6. Carefully remove the top layer (this is impure
biodiesel) using a teat pipette.
7. Wash the product by shaking it with 10 ml of
distilled water
8. Allow the mixture to stand until it separates into
two layers.
9. Carefully remove the top layer of biodiesel using
a teat pipette.
10. Weigh the amount of biodiesel you have
collected and compare it to the amount of
vegetable oil you started with.
16
Testing biodiesel
How does biodiesel compare to other

fuels? Just because we can produce a
fuel from an alternative source, does that
mean it is a good idea? There are many
factors that go into the decision to use
17
alternative fuels. Ideally the physical
properties of an alternative fuel should
exceed those of the traditional product.
But how are fuels evaluated in the first
place. In this activity, biodiesel and some
other fuels are tested and compared for
sootiness and acidity.
What you will need
➡️Eye protection
➡️Small glass funnel (approximately 7 cm

diameter)
➡️One 250 cm3 flask
➡️Two boiling tubes
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➡️One two-hole stopper to fit the boiling
tubes
➡️Filter pump
➡️A piece of wide bore glass tubing

approximately 10 cm long with two one-
hole stoppers to fit
➡️A piece of vacuum tubing

approximately 35 cm long
➡️Two short pieces of glass tubing to fit

the one-hole stoppers
➡️5 cm glass bend to fit the two-hole

stopper
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➡️90° glass bend to fit the two-hole
stopper (one leg to extend to bottom of
flask)
➡️Two stands and clamps
➡️Two small metal sample dishes
➡️A little sodium hydroxide solution 0.1

mol ml
➡️Universal indicator solution
➡️A little mineral wool.
20
Safety
➡️Wear eye protection.
➡️Take care if you have to insert glass tubing into

the stoppers yourself. Make sure that your teacher
shows you the correct technique.
What to do
1. Pour 125 cm3of distilled water into the 250

cm3 flask and add 10 cm3 of universal indicator.
Add one drop of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
solution and gently swirl the flask so that the
color of the solution is violet or at the most basic
end of the universal indicator color range.
2. Place 10 cm3 of this solution into the boiling

tube
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3. Assemble the apparatus illustrated in Figure,
attaching it to the filter pump to the vacuum
tubing.
4. Place 2 cm3 of biodiesel onto a wad of mineral

wool in the metals sample cup.
5. Turn on the water tap so the filter pump pulls air

through the flask and ignite the biodiesel.
Position the funnel directly over the fuel, so as
to capture the fumes from the burning fuel. Mark
or note the position of the tap handle so you can
run the pump at the same flow rate later in the
experiment.
6. Allow the experiment to run until the universal

indicator turns yellow and time how long this
takes.
7. Record what happens in the funnel and in the

glass tube containing the second piece of
mineral wool
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Conclusion
The ultimate aim of green chemistry is to
entirely cut down the stream of chemicals
pouring into the environment. This aim
seems unattainable at present, but progress
in the green chemical research areas and
their application through successive
approaches will certainly provide safer
specialty chemicals and much more
satisfactory processes for the chemical
industry.
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Bibliography
• www.google.com
• www.chemistry.org
• www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/environment.ht
ml
• www.pcra.org
• PETROLIAM CONSERVATION
RESEARCH ASSOSIATION (PCRA)
national bio fuel center
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Objective

The Objective of this project is to study GREEN

Green chemistry is the design of chemical

➡️ Bio Based Chemicals

There are 12 principles of green chemistry

Diesel engines differ from combustion engines in that

The viscosity of liquids can easily be compared using

Another means of determining viscosity used

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is made

➡️Access to a top pan balance

➡️One 250 ml conical flask

➡️Two 100 ml beakers

➡️One 100 ml measuring cylinder

➡️Five plastic teat pipettes

➡️100 ml vegetable-based cooking oil

➡️15 ml methanol (highly flammable, toxic by

➡️Wear eye protection.

➡️Methanol is flammable and poisonous.

1. Measure 100 ml of vegetable oil into the 250 ml

How does biodiesel compare to other

What you will need

➡️Small glass funnel (approximately 7 cm

➡️One 250 cm3 flask

➡️Two boiling tubes

➡️A piece of wide bore glass tubing

➡️A piece of vacuum tubing

➡️Two short pieces of glass tubing to fit

➡️5 cm glass bend to fit the two-hole

➡️Two stands and clamps

➡️Two small metal sample dishes

➡️A little sodium hydroxide solution 0.1

➡️Universal indicator solution

➡️A little mineral wool.

➡️Take care if you have to insert glass tubing into

1. Pour 125 cm3of distilled water into the 250

2. Place 10 cm3 of this solution into the boiling

4. Place 2 cm3 of biodiesel onto a wad of mineral

5. Turn on the water tap so the filter pump pulls air

6. Allow the experiment to run until the universal

7. Record what happens in the funnel and in the

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