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Signals and Systems Assignment

P21.1 Help
Consider the following four impulse responses:

(i) h1(t) = e-"'u(t), a > 0,

(ii) h 2(t) =-e -at u(- t), a > 0,
(iii) h3(t) = e -at u(t), a < 0,
(iv) h 4(t) = -e -a t u(-t), a<0
(a) Verify that

with an ROC corresponding to Re{s} < - a.

(b) It is easily verified that in all four cases the system functions
(i.e., the Laplace transforms of the impulse responses) have the
same algebraic expression. However, the ROC is different. For each
of the four systems, identify which of the s plane diagrams in
Figures P21.1-1 to P21.1-6 correctly represents the associated
Laplace transform, including the ROC. Also indicate which
diagrams correspond to stable systems.
P21.2

Consider the LTI system with input x(t) = e u(t) and impulse
response h(t) =

(a) Determine X(s) and H(s).

(b) Using the convolution property of the Laplace
transform, determine Y(s), the Laplace transform of
the output, y(t).
(c) From your answer to part (b), find y(t).
 P21.3

As indicated in Section 9.5 of the text, many of the properties

of the Laplace transform and their derivation are analogous to
corresponding properties of the Fourier transform developed in
Chapter 4 of the text. In this problem you are asked to outline
the derivation for some of the Laplace transform properties in
Section 9.5 of the text.

By paralleling the derivation for the corresponding

property for the Fourier transform in Chapter 4 of the text,
derive each of the following Laplace transform properties.
Your derivation must include a consideration of the ROC.

(a) Time-shifting property

(Section 9.5.2)
(b) Convolution property (Section
9.5.5)
P21.4

Consider a continuous-time LTI system for which the input x(t)

and output y(t) are related by the differential equation
Let X(s) and Y(s) denote the Laplace transforms of x(t) and
y(t), and let H(s) denote the Laplace transform of the impulse
response h(t) of the preceding system.
(a) Determine H(s). Sketch the pole-zero plot.

(b) Sketch the ROC for each of the following cases:

(i) The system is stable.

(ii) The system is causal.
(iii) The system is neither stable
nor causal.
(c) Determine h(t) when the system is causal.

P21.5

Consider the following system function H(s) and its

corresponding pole-zero plot in Figure P21.5.
Using the graphical method discussed in the lecture, find
IH(O) |, 4 H(O), IH(jl) 1, 4H(jl), |H(joo) , and 4 H(joo).
Sketch the functions IH(jw) I and 4H(jw).

P21.6

For the following system function, plot the pole-zero

diagram and graphically determine the approximate locations
of the peaks and valleys of IH(jW) 1:
Optional Problems

P21.7

(a) Draw the block diagram for the following second-order

system in terms of integrators, coefficient multipliers, and
adders.

(b) Sketch the pole-zero plot of H(s) and plot IH(jw)| under
the following conditions.

(i) w.is kept constant, but r is varied from close to 0 to

close to 1.
(ii) r is kept constant, but w, is varied from about 0 to
infinity.
You don't have to be precise but show how the bandwidth and
location of the peak changes for the two cases above.

(a) Consider the following system function H(s).

 Draw the block diagram for H(s) implemented as

(i) a parallel combination of second-order systems,

(ii) a cascade combination of second-order systems.

(b) s implementation (ii)

unique?
P21.9
Complete the Laplace transform pairs given in Table P21.9. You
may use the following transform of e -au(t) as well as general
properties of Laplace transforms to derive your answer. You
may also use earlier entries in the table to help you derive later
results.
 P.21.10

Figures P21.10-1, P21.10-2, and P21.10-3 contain impulse

responses h(t), frequency responses H(jw), and pole-zero
plots, respectively.
(a) For each h(t), find the best matching IH(jw) |.
(b) For each |H(jw)|, find the best matching pole-zero
plot of H(s).
Consider entries with references to other plots, such as (3)
and (5) or (b) and (h), as a pair.
 Solutions

Following our previous arguments, we can integrate only if the

function dies out as t goes to minus infinity. e -' will die out as t
goes to minus infinity only if Re{x} is negative. Thus we need
Re{a + s} < 0 or Re(s) < -a. For s in this range,

(b) (i) hi(t) has a pole at -a and no zeros. Furthermore, since

a > 0, the pole must be in the left half-plane. Since hi(t) is
causal, the ROC must be to the right of the rightmost pole, as
given in D, Figure P21.1-4.
(ii) h 2(t) is left-sided; hence the ROC is to the left of the
leftmost pole. Since a is positive, the pole is in the left half-
plane, as shown in A, Figure P21.1-1.
(iii) h 3(t) is right-sided and has a pole in the right half-
plane, as given in E, Figure P21.1-5.
(iv) h4 (t) is left-sided and has a pole in the right half-plane, as
shown in C, Figure P21.1-3.
For a signal to be stable, its ROC must include the fw axis.
Thus, C, D, and F qualify. B is an ROC that includes a pole,
which is impossible; hence it corresponds to no signal.

S21.2

(a) By definition,

If the real part of (1 + s) is positive, i.e., Re(s) > -

1, then
 Thus

The condition on Re{s} is the ROC and basically indicates the

region for which 1/(1 + s) is equal to the integral defined
originally. Similarly,

(b) By the convolution property of the Laplace transform, Y(s)

= H(s)X(s) in a manner similar to the property of the Fourier
transform. Thus,

where the ROC is the intersection of individual

ROCs.
(c) Here we can use partial fractions:
 Thus,

Recognizing the individual Laplace transforms, we have

S21.3

(a) The property to be derived is

with the same ROC as X(s).

 Let y(t) = x(t - to). Then

Note that wherever X(s) converges, the integral defining Y(s) also
converges; thus the ROC of X(s) is the same as the ROC of Y(s).
(b) Now we study one of the most useful properties of the Laplace
transform.

with the ROC containing R1 n R2. Let

Then
 Suppose we are in a region of the s plane where X2(s)
converges. Then using the property shown in part (a), we have

Substituting, we have

We can associate this last integral with Xi(s) if we are also in the
ROC of xi(t). Thus Y(s) = X 2(s)Xi(s) for s inside at least the
region R, n R 2. It could happen
that the ROC is larger,but it must contain R, n

S21.4

(a) From the properties of the Laplace transform,

Y(s) = X(s)H(s)
 A second relation occurs due to the differential
equation. Since

and using the linearity property of the Laplace transform, we can

take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential
equation, yielding

s2Y(s) - sY(s) - 2Y(s) = X(s).

Therefore,

The pole-zero plot is shown in Figure S21.4-1.

(b) (i) For a stable system, the ROC must include thejw axis.
Thus the ROC must be as drawn in Figure S21.4-2.

(ii) For a causal system, the ROC must be to the right of the
rightmost pole, as shown in Figure S21.4-3.
(iii) For a system that is not causal or stable, we are left with
an ROC that is to the left of s = -1, as shown in Figure S21.4-
4.

(c) To take the inverse Laplace transform, we use the partial

fraction expansion:

We now take the inverse Laplace transform of each term in the

partial fraction expansion. Since the system is causal, we
choose right-sided signals in both cases. Thus,
 S21.5

w=0: Since there is a zero at s = 0, 1H(jO)I = 0. You may think

that the phase is also zero, but if we move slightly on the jw axis,
4 H(jw) becomes

w= 1: The distance to s = 0 is 1 and the distance to s = -1 is

The phase is

(Angle to s = 0) - (Angle to s = -1) =

W= oo: The distance to s = 0 and s = -1 is infinite; however, the

ratio tends to 1 as oincreases. Thus, IH(joo) I = 1. The phase is
given by

The magnitude and phase of H(jw) are given in Figure S21.5.

S21.6

The pole-zero plot is shown in Figure S21.6.

 Because the zero at s = -5 is so far away from thejw axis, it will
have virtually no effect on IH(jw)I. Since there is a zero at o = 0
and poles near o = 2, we estimate a valley (actually a null) at w
= 0 and a peak at o ±i 2.

Solutions to Optional Problems

S21.7

(a) Let y(t) be the system response to the excitation x(t). Then
the differential equation relating y(t) to x(t) is

Integrating twice, we have

or
 shown in Figure S21.7-1.

Recall that Figure S21.7-1 can be simplified as given in

Figure S21.7-2.
(b) (i) For a constant w,, and 0 s< 1, H(s) has a conjugate pole pair
on a circle centered at the origin of radius wn. As changes from 0
to 1, the poles move from close to the jo axis to -CO, as shown in
Figures S21.7-3, S21.7-4, and S21.7-5.
Figure S21.7-3 shows that for s~ 0 the pole is close to thejw
axis, so |H(jw) I has a peak very near w..

Figure S21.7-4 shows that the peaks are closer together and more
spread out at { = 0.5.
Figure S21.7-5 shows that at s~ 1 the poles are so close together
and far from the jw axis that IH(jw) I has a single peak.
(ii) For constant between 0 and 1, the poles are located on two
straight lines. As w, increases, the peak frequency increases as
well as the bandwidth, as indicated in Figures S21.7-6 and
S21.7-7.
(a) (i) The parallel implementation of H(s), shown in Figure
S21.8-1, can be drawn directly from the form for H(s) given in the
problem statement. The corresponding differential equations for
each section are as follows:
(ii) To generate the cascade implementation, shown in Figure
S21.8-2, w< first express H(s) as a product of second-order
sections. Thus,

Now we need to separate the numerator into two sections. In

this case, the numerator equals (s + 1)3, so an obvious choice
is

Thus,

The corresponding differential equations are as

follows:
(b) We see that we could have decomposed H(s) as

Thus, the cascade implementation is not unique.

S21.9

(a) Decompose sin wot as

Then
Using the transform pair given in the problem statement and the
linearity property of the Laplace transform, we have

with an ROC corresponding to Re(s) > 0.

the ROC is shifted by 2. Therefore,

and the ROC is Re{s) > -2. Here we have used our answer to
part (a).
(c) Since
with the same ROC as X(s), then

Thus

with the ROC given by Re{s} > -2.

(d) Here we use partial fractions:

The ROC associated with the first term of eq. (S21.9-1) is Re{s}
> -2 and the ROC associated with the second term is Re{s} > -3
to be consistent with the given total ROC. Thus,

(e) From properties of the Laplace transform we know that

S21.10

(a) (1), (2): An impulse has a constant Fourier transform whose

magnitude is unaffected by a time shift. Hence, the Fourier
transform magnitudes of (1) and (2) are shown in (c).
(3), (5): A decaying exponential corresponds to a lowpass filter;
hence, (3) could be (a) or (d). By comparing it with (5), we see
that (5) corresponds to kte-"'u(t), which has a double pole at -a.
Thus, (5) is a steeper lowpass filter than (3). Hence, (3)
corresponds to (d) and (5) corresponds to (a).

(4), (7): These signals are of the form e-'" cos(wot)u(t). For
larger a, the poles are farther to the left. Hence H(jw) I for larger
a is less peaky. Thus, (4) corresponds to (f) and (7) corresponds
to (g).

(6): If we convolve x(t) = 1 with h(t) given in (6), we find that

the output is zero. Thus (6) corresponds to a null at w = 0,
either (b) or (h). Note that (6) can be thought of as an h(t)
given by (1) minus an h(t) given by (3). Thus, the Fourier
transform is the difference between a constant and a lowpass
filter. Therefore, (6) is a highpass filter, or (b).

(b) (a), (d): These are simple lowpass filters that correspond to
(i) or (ii). Since (a) is a steeper lowpass filter, we associate (a)
with (ii) and (d) with (i).
(b), (h): These require a null at zero, and thus could correspond
to (iii) or (viii). In the case of (iii), as wincreases, one pole-zero
pair is canceled so that for large w,H(s) looks like a lowpass
filter. Hence, (b) corresponds to (viii) and (h) corresponds to
(iii).
(c): Here we need a pole-zero plot that is an all-pass system. The
only possible pole-zero plot is (vi).
(e): Here we need a null on thejw axis, but not at w = 0. The
only possibility is (v).
(f), (g): These are resonant second-order systems that could
correspond to (iv) or (vii). Since poles closer to thejw axis lead
to peakier Fourier transforms, (f) must correspond to (iv) and (g)
to (vii).