Digital Signal

and
Image
Processing
 Introduction to DSP
• Digital signal -The signal that are discrete in
time.
• Signal -Anything that carries information can
be called as signal
• DSP -The process of operation in which the
characteristics of a signal Amplitude, shape,
phase, frequency ,etc. undergoes a change is
known as signal processing
• Digital signal processing (DSP) is the process of
analyzing and modifying a signal to optimize
or improve its efficiency or performance.
• DSP is primarily used to detect errors, and to
filter and compress analog signals in transit.
• DSP include audio signal processing, digital
image processing, speech recognition,
biomedicine and more
Continuous Time Signals:- It is defined for every
instant of time denoted by x(t)

x(t)

t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Discrete time signals: - It is defined for particular
(discrete) instant of time. Denoted by x(n)
x(n)

n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Digital Signal:- The signal that are discrete in
time and quantized in amplitude are digital
signal
x(t) x(n)

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
 DT Signal Representation
1. Graphical
X(n)

3 3

2 2

1 1

. .
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-3
 DT Signal Representation
2. Functional / Mathematical

3 for n = -2,4
X(n) = 2 for n = -4,2
3 for n = -2
0 otherwise
3. Sequence Representation
X(n) = {2,1,3,0,1,0,2,-3,3}

Eg. X(n) = {2, 5, 1, 7}

or
X(n) = {2, 5, 1, 7}
 Standard DT Signals
• Unit Step signal
• Impulse signal
• Signum function
• Exponential signal
• Unit ramp signal
• Parabolic signal
• Rectangular signal
• Trangular signal
• Sinusoidal signal
• Sinc function
• Sampling function
 Unit Step Signal
U(n)

1
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

u(t) = 1 n ≥0
0 otherwise

X(n)={ 0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,}
 Unit Step Signal

U(t)

1
t
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

u(t) = 1 t ≥ 0
0 t < 0
 Unit Step Signal

1 U(t)
t
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

U(t)
1
t
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Properties
u(t)^ n =u(t)
u(t-t0)^n = u(t-t0)
 Unit Step Signal

U(t)
1
t
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4
U(t)
1
t
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4

U(t)
1
t
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4
 Impulse function/Unit Impulse Signal
• It is denoted by δ(t)
δ(t) = 1 t = 0
0 t ≠ 0

δ(t)

1
t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
 Impulse function/Unit Impulse Signal
• Discrete Representation
• It is denoted by δ(n)

δ(n) = 1 n = 0
0 n ≠ 0
δ(n)
1
n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 Impulse function/Unit Impulse Signal
• Properties
1.

2. δ(n-k) = 1 n = k
0 n ≠k
 Unit impulse signal properties
3. δ(n) = u(n) - u(n-1)

n
n 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
Fig 1 u(n) Fig 2 u(n-1)

n
0 Fig 3
 Unit impulse signal properties
4. f(t) δ (t) = f(0)
3

t 1 t
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4

Fig 1 f(t) Fig 2 δ (t)

0 1 2 3 4 t
Fig 3
 Unit impulse signal properties
5. δ (t-tₒ) f(t) = f(tₒ)
1 1.3
3

t
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

Fig 1 f(t) Fig 2 δ (t-tₒ)

⑥ δ(-t) = δ(t)
 Impulse Function Problem
1. 4.

2. -5

-5 -3 0

3.
 Signum Function
• It is denoted with sgn(t),sgn(n)

• Sgn(t) = 1 t>0
0 t= 0
-1 t <0

Sgn(t)
0
1
t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
 Signum Function

1 n>0

• Sgn(n) = 0 n= 0
-1 n<0

Sgn(n)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 n
 Relation between Unit Step and
signum function
• Sgn(t) = 2 u(t) -1

2
1 1

Fig 3
Fig 2
Fig 1 DC Signal
2 u(t)
u(t)

2
1

1 -1 Fig 5
After Subtraction
Fig 4 2 u(t)- 1
2 u(t)- 1
 Exponential Signal
• It is denoted by x(t) =

• Case 1 ἀ=0

• Case 2 ἀ>0 e.g x(t) =

1
 Exponential Signal
• Case 3 ἀ < 0 ἀ = -3
x(t) =
1

• Example
i) u(t)
1 1 1

Fig 1 u(t) Fig 2 Fig 3

 Examples Exponential Signal
ii) u(-t)
1 1
1

Fig 1 u(-t) Fig 2

iii) u(t)
1 1

1
Fig 1 u(t) Fig 2
iv ) u(-t)
1 1
1

Fig 1 u(-t) Fig 2

 Unit Ramp Signal
• Denoted by r(t) or r(n)
t t≥0
r(t) = 0 t<0
r(t)
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
t
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
 Unit Ramp Signal

n n≥0
r(n) = 0 n<0
r(n)
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
 Relation between unit ramp and step
U(t) = 1 t ≥0
0 t < 0

r(t) = t t ≥0
0 t < 0

or
Relation between unit step and
impulse

Eq 1

Eq 2
 Ramp signal Example
Y(t) = r(t + 3) – r( t + 2) –r (t -2) + r(t -3)
-r(-t)
r(-t) -r(t)
r(t)

Fig 1 Fig 3 Fig 4

Fig 2

r(t - 2 )
t+2=0 -2
t=2 2
3
-3
 Ramp signal Example
• Y(t) = r(t + 3) – r( t + 2) –r (t -2) + r(t -3)

-3

-2
-3 -2 2 3

3
 Rectangular signal
• It is denoted by x(t)
• X(t) = A rect (t/T)
A X(t)= 6 rect(t/4)

-T/2 T/2

A - amplitude
T - period of rectangle
 Trangular signal
• It is denoted by x(t)
• X(t) = A (1- |t| / T)
A

-T 0 T

A - amplitude
T - period of triangle
 Trangular signal
X(t) = A (1- |t| / T) Line equation
(y-y1) = ((y2-y1) / (x2-x1)) (x-x1)
(y-0) = ((A-0)/ (0-(-T)) ) (x-(-T))
x(t) y= A / T (x + T)
x(t)= A / T (t + T)
0,A = A/ T (T(1+t/T))
A
x(t)= A(1 + t / T)
Similarly
x(t) = A (1 – t/ T)………. Right side line Eq
0 t
-T T
-T,0
 Examples
X(t) = A( 1 - |t| / T)
x(t)
2
x(t)= 2(1-|t|/1)
x(t)
t
-1 1
3

x(t)= 3(1- |t|/ 5) t

-5 5
x(t)
9
x(t)= 3( 3-|t|)
t X(t)= 9(1-|t|/3)
-3 3
 Parabolic Signal
x(t)= t˄2 /2 t≥ 0
0 t<0
t=2 2
x(t) t =3 4.5
t=
4.5 .
0.1/1.1
4
3.5
3
2.5
2 .
1.5
1
.
0. 5
t
0 1 2 3 4
 Sinc & Sampling function
Sinc Sampling
Denoted with sinc(ƛ) Denoted with sa(ƛ)
Normalized function unnormalized function
Sinc(ƛ) = sin ∏ƛ / ∏ƛ Sa(ƛ) = sin ƛ / ƛ
=0 ƛ = ±1,±2 =0 ƛ = ±∏,±2∏

Sinc(ƛ) Sa(ƛ)

1
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4∏ -3 ∏- 2 ∏ -1∏ 0 1∏ 2∏ 3∏ 4∏
 Signal Manipulation
• Shifting (Left shift /Right shift)
• Folding
• Shifting & Folding
• Time Scaling
• Magnitude scaling
• Addition/ Subtraction/Multiplication
 Ex. X(n) = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
5 y(n) = x(n-1) 5
4 4
x(n) 3 3
2
2 1
1

n
n -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Fig 2
y(n) = x(n-1)
Shifting x(n-k) / x(n+ k) n=-1
y(0) = x(0-1) = x(-1) = 1
Ex. Obtain x(n-1) y(1) = x(1-1) = x(0) = 2
n - k =0 y(2) = x(2-1) = x(1) = 3
n= k y(3) = x(3-1) = x(2) = 4
Now we consider signal y(n)=x(n-1) y(4) = x(4-1) = x(3) = 5
y(5) = x(5-1) = x(4) = 0
y(-1) = x(-1-1) = x(-2) = 0
 Ex. X(n) = (1, 2, 3, y(n)
4,= 5)
x(n+1)

5 4 5
4 3
x(n) 3 2
1
2
1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 y(n) = x(n+1)
n=(0,1,2,3,4…-1,-2,-3…)
y(0) = x(0+1) = x(1) = 3
Shifting x(n-k) / x(n+ k)
y(1) = x(1+1) = x(2) = 4
y(2) = x(2+1) = x(3) = 5
Ex. Obtain x(n+1)
y(3) = x(3+1) = x(4) = 0
Now we consider signal y(n)=x(n+1)
y(-1) = x(-1+1) = x(0) = 2
y(-2) = x(-2+1) = x(-1) = 1
y(-3) = x(-3+1) = x(-2) =0
x(n+ 1) = {1,2,3,4,5 }
 Folding x(-n)
5
4
x(n) 3 Eg. Obtain x(-n)
y(n) = x(-n)
2 y(0) = x(0) = 2
1
y(1) = x(-1) = 1
y(2) = x(-2) = 0
n y(3) = x(-3) = 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y(-1) = x(1) = 3
y(-2) = x(2) = 4
y(-3) = x(3) = 5
y(-4) = x(4) = 0
5 y(n) = x(-n)
4
3
2
1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n n
 Shifting & Folding
5 x(n-k) or x(-n+ k)
4
x(n) Obtain x(-n-1)
3
y(n) = x(-n-1)
2 y(0) = x(0-1) = x(-1) = 1
1 y(1) = x(-1-1) = x(-2) = 0
y(2) = x(-2-1) = x(-3) = 0
n y(-1) = x(1-1) = x(0) = 2
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y(-2) = x(2-1) = x(1) = 3
y(-3) = x(3-1) = x(2) = 4
5 y(-4) = x(4-1) = x(3) = 5
y(n) = x(-n-1) y(-5) = x(5-1) = x(4) = 0
4
3 x(-n-1) = { 5,4,3,2,1}
2 1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n
 Time Scaling
5
x(kn)
4 Obtain x(2n)
x(n) 3 y(n) = x(2n)
2 y(0) = x(0) =2
1 y(1) = x(2) =4
y(2) = x(4) =0
n y(-1) = x(-2) =0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 y(-2) = x(-4) =0

y(n) = x(2n)
4
2

5 1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n 3
 Magnitude scaling
4
5 kx(n)
x(n) 3
y(n) = kx(n)
2
1 Obtain 2x(n)
y(0) = 2x(0)= 4
y(1) = 2x(1)= 6
n y(2) = 2x(2)= 8
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y(3) = 2x(3)= 10
8 10
y(n) = kx(n) y(4) = 2x(4)= 0
y(-1) = 2x(-1)= 2
6
y(-2) = 2x(-2)= 0
4
2

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 n
 Addition/ Subtraction/Multiplication

• Eg. Consider following DT signal

x1(n) = { 2,1,3,2}
x2(n) = { 5,2,0,1}
Obtain
x1(n) + x2(n)
x1(n) - x2(n)
X1(n) * x2(n)

x1(n) + x2(n) ={7,3,3,3}

x1(n) - x2(n) = {-3,-1,3, 1}
X1(n) * x2(n) ={10,2,0,2}
 Signal Manipulation Example
Consider DT signal
x(n) = {8,5,2,4,2,1}
x(n)
8

5
4
2 2
1
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
• Obtain x(n)u(-n)
u(n)
1 1 11 8
5
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig: u(n)
u(-n)
1 1 1 1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-3 -2 1- 0 1 2 3
Fig: u(-n)
• Obtain x(n-1) u(-n-2)
y(n) = x(n-1)
8 5
4
2
2 1

n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

y(n) = u(-n- 2)
y(0) = u(-0- 2)= 0
y(1) = u(-1- 2)= 0
y(2) = u(- 4)= 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y(-1) = u(-1)= 0
y(-2) = u(0)= 1
y(-3) = u(1)= 1