Tcp/Ip Protocol Suite

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
Host-to- Network Layer −
 It is the lowest layer that is concerned with the physical transmission of data.
 TCP/IP does not specifically define any protocol here but supports all the
standard protocols.
Internet Layer −
 It defines the protocols for logical transmission of data over the network.
 The main protocol in this layer is Internet Protocol (IP) and
 it is supported by the protocols ICMP, IGMP, RARP, and ARP.

 Transport Layer −
 It is responsible for error-free end-to-end delivery of data.
 The protocols defined here are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
 Application Layer −
 This is the topmost layer and defines the interface of host programs
with the transport layer services.
 This layer includes all high-level protocols like Telnet, DNS, HTTP,
FTP, SMTP, etc.

HOST NETWORK LAYER
The functions of this layer are −
 It defines how bits are to be encoded into optical or electrical pulses.
 It accepts IP packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames.
 It synchronizes the transmission of the frames as well as the bits making up the
frames, between the sender and the receiver.
 It states the transmission mode, i.e. simplex, half duplex or full duplex
 It states the topology of the network, i.e. bus, star, ring etc.
 The protocols that this layer supports are −

Ethernet, Frame Relay, Token Ring , ATM
INTERNET LAYER
 The Internet layer is responsible for logical transmission of data packets over
the internet.
 It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model.
 The main functions of the internet layer are −
 It transmits data packets to the link layer.
 It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the
destination, using the optimal route.
 It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination.
 It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data

packets.
 The protocols used in this layer are −
 1) Internet Protocol, IP −
 It is a connectionless and unreliable protocol that provides a best

effort delivery service.
 It transports data packets called datagrams that travel over different

routes across multiple nodes.
 2) Address Resolution Protocol, ARP −
 This protocol maps the logical address or the Internet address of a

host to its physical address, as printed in the network interface card.
 3) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, RARP −
 This is to find the Internet address of a host when its physical
address is known.
 4) Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP −

It monitors sending the queries as well as the error messages.
 5) Internet Group Message Protocol, IGMP −

It allows the transmission of a message to a group of recipients
simultaneously.
TRANSPORT LAYER
 The transport layer is responsible for error-free, end-to-end delivery
of data from the source host to the destination host.
 It corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI model.
 The functions of the transport layer are −
 It facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation.
 It provides an interface for the users to the underlying network.
 It can provide for a reliable connection. It can also carry out error
checking, flow control, and verification.
 1) Transmission Control Protocol, TCP −
 It is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that transmits data from the

source to the destination machine without any error.
 A connection is established between the peer entities prior to

transmission.
 At the sending host, TCP divides an incoming byte stream into

segments and assigns a separate sequence number to each segment.
 At the receiving host, TCP reorders the segments and sends an

acknowledgment to the sender for correct receipt of segments.
 TCP also manages flow control so that a fast sender does not
overwhelm a slow receiver.
 2 ) User Datagram Protocol, UDP −
 It is a message-oriented protocol that provides a simple unreliable,

connectionless, unacknowledged service.
 It is suitable for applications that do not require TCP’s sequencing,

error control or flow control.
 It is used for transmitting a small amount of data where the speed of

delivery is more important than the accuracy of delivery.
 3) Stream Control Transmission Protocol, SCTP −
 It combines the features of both TCP and UDP.
 It is message oriented like the UDP, which providing the

reliable, connection-oriented service like TCP.
 It is used for telephony over the Internet.

 Application Layer
 The application layer is the highest abstraction layer of the TCP/IP model that
provides the interfaces and protocols needed by the users.
 It combines the functionalities of the session layer, the presentation layer and
the application layer of the OSI model.
 ------ The functions of the application layer are −
 It facilitates the user to use the services of the network.

 It is used to develop network-based applications.
 It provides user services like user login, naming network devices, formatting
messages, and e-mails, transfer of files etc.
 It is also concerned with error handling and recovery of the message as a whole.
1) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, HTTP −
 It is the underlying protocol for world wide web.
 It defines how hypermedia messages are formatted and

transmitted.
2) File Transfer Protocol, FTP −

 It is a client-server based protocol for transfer of files between
client and server over the network.
3) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP −

 It lays down the rules and semantics for sending and receiving
electronic mails (e-mails).
4) Domain Name System, DNS −
 It is a naming system for devices in networks.
 It provides services for translating domain names to IP addresses.
5) TELNET −
 It provides bi-directional text-oriented services for remote login
to the hosts over the network.
6) Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP

 It is for managing, monitoring the network and for organizing
information about the networked devices.

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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

Host-to- Network Layer −

 The main protocol in this layer is Internet Protocol (IP) and

 it is supported by the protocols ICMP, IGMP, RARP, and ARP.

 It is responsible for error-free end-to-end delivery of data.

 The protocols defined here are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

HOST NETWORK LAYER

The functions of this layer are −

 It defines how bits are to be encoded into optical or electrical pulses.

 The protocols that this layer supports are −

 It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model.

 The main functions of the internet layer are −

 It transmits data packets to the link layer.

 It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination.

 It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data

 It is a connectionless and unreliable protocol that provides a best

 It transports data packets called datagrams that travel over different

 2) Address Resolution Protocol, ARP −

 This protocol maps the logical address or the Internet address of a

 4) Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP −

 5) Internet Group Message Protocol, IGMP −

 It corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI model.

 The functions of the transport layer are −

 It facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation.

 It provides an interface for the users to the underlying network.

 It is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that transmits data from the

 A connection is established between the peer entities prior to

 At the sending host, TCP divides an incoming byte stream into

 At the receiving host, TCP reorders the segments and sends an

 It is a message-oriented protocol that provides a simple unreliable,

 It is suitable for applications that do not require TCP’s sequencing,

 It is used for transmitting a small amount of data where the speed of

 It is message oriented like the UDP, which providing the

 It is used for telephony over the Internet.

 ------ The functions of the application layer are −

 It facilitates the user to use the services of the network.

 It defines how hypermedia messages are formatted and

2) File Transfer Protocol, FTP −

3) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP −

 It provides services for translating domain names to IP addresses.

6) Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP

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