Introduction To General Botany

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BOTANY
BOTANY
Is a branch of biology which
deals with the study of plants.
Theophrastus
THEOPHRASTUS
Study and write about the diseases
of trees, cereals and legumes in his
book “enquiry into plants”.
Classified plants based on forms:
a) Herbs, shrubs, trees
b) Annuals, Perennials, Biennials
IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS
1. Food
2. Medicines
3. Shelter
4. Industrial Value
5. Fibres
6. Eco-Friendly
Branches of Botany:
(Shipunov, Alexey., 2020 stated below are the following branches of botany)

1. Morphology (Morphe=form, logos=science): Under this branch we study the form and
structure of plants. That branch of morphology which is based upon the external form and
structure of plant is called External Morphology
2. Anatomy: The study of internal structure of the plant with the help of section cutting is
called Internal Morphology or Anatomy.
3. Histology: The study of cells and tissues with the help of microscope is called histology.
4. Cytology: Detailed study of the cells is called cytology. It includes structure, function of
different cell organelles, nucleus and cell inclusions. Different types of cell divisions are
included in this branch. The study of this branch has become possible only with the help of
electron microscope.
5. Plant Physiology: This branch includes the study of various vital activities of the plant. All
chemical and physical changes taking place in the cell and any exchange of substances between
the cell and its environment are called vital activities of the cell, e.g., photosynthesis, respiration
etc.
6. Taxonomy: In this branch the plants are classified according to their characteristics and
interrelationship. With the help of plant taxonomy, we are able to identify the plants and know
their characters.
7. Ecology (Oikos = house; logos = science): This branch deals with the study of environment of
plants and their communities and vice-versa. Included in this branch are the studies of
adaptations of plants with reference to their environment. This branch also includes the studies of
soil erosion, soil conservation and pollution.
8. Genetics: Is the study of heredity and variations. What are the Laws of inheritance and why
the offspring resembles or differs from the parent are studied under this branch.
9. Plant breeding: Branch of botany dealing with the development of improved
varieties of plants.
10. Embryology: The male and female gametes of a plant fuse to form the
zygote. Zygote develops into an embryo (in embryophyte) with plumule,
cotyledons and radicle. When germination of seed takes place, the entire plant
develops from these organs. We study all these developments in embryology.
11. Paleobotany: is the study of fossil plants. Plants which flourished and lived
on the surface of globe several million year ago but are not living now and are
found as rocks. In which rocks and parts of the world they are found, what is
their structure and how they are interrelated to the plants of the present day.
12. Economic Botany: In this branch of botany we study the plants with
reference to their products. Which plants produce medicines, gums, oils,
fibers, fuel, wood etc., are studied under this branch.
13. Plant Pathology: This branch includes different types of disease of
plants, their symptoms, causal agent and methods of control.
14. Organic evolution: This is the branch of Botany in which we study the
evolution of complex organisms from simple ones and the principals involved
in it. Some new aspects of Botany based on modern technology are as follows.
15. Biochemistry (Phytochemistry): Study of chemistry of plants.
16. Biophysics: Study of plant activities on the basis of principles of physics.
17. Biotechnology: a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology
that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification.
18. Palynology: Study of pollen grains in relation to taxonomy and evolution
etc.
19. Genetic Engineering: Adding, removing or repairing part of genetic
material, thereby changing the phenotype of organism as desired.
20. Pharmacognosy: Study of the medicinal plants.
21. Agrostology: Study of grasses
22. Bryology: study of bryophytes, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
23. Arboriculture: Study of propagation of trees.
24. Orchidology: Study of orchids.
25. Phenology: Study of timing of root and shoot germination, flowering and
fruiting.
26. Pteridology: Study of Pteridophytes and Ferns.
27. Rhodology: Study of roses.
28. Pomology: Study of fruits and nuts.
Branches allied to Botany
1.Agronomy: Is the science which deals with the crop plants.
2.Horticulture: Is the science which deals with the study of
flowering and fruiting plants.
3.Pharmacognosy: Is the branch of science dealing with the
medicinal plants.
4.Pedology: Is the science dealing with the study of soils.
5.Ethnobotany: Study of plants in relationship with humans.

LEVELS OF
BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING
THINGS
Organization – plants and other
organisms are highly organized with
cells as their basic building blocks.
Energy – plants and other organisms
take in and use energy.
THINGS
Interaction with environment – plants
respond to stimuli in their environment
Reproduction – plants form new
individuals by asexual or sexual
reproduction.
THINGS
Heredity – DNA molecules transmit
genetic information from one generation
to the next in plants and other organism.
Evolution – plants and other organisms
evolve.
CLASSIFYING LIVING
ORGANISMS
Carl Von Linné
Swedish Botanist (1707-1778)
Binomial Nomenclature
Separated all life into 2 kingdoms
6 KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS
1) Plantae
2) Animalia
3) Fungi
4) Protista
5) Eubacteria
6) Archaebacteria
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Heterotroph
Examples Chordata, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,

Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Examples Chordata, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,

Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
KINGDOM FUNGI
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Most multicellular, some
Cells unicellular
Examples Mushroom, yeast, mold

KINGDOM PROTISTA
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of some multicellular, most
Cells unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples Amoeba, Paramecium,

Euglena
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Unicellular
Cells
Examples E. coli
KINGDOM
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Unicellular
Cells
Examples Methanogens,
Thermophiles
DOMAIN
1. Eukarya
2. Archaea
3. Bacteria

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INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BOTANY

Number of Cells Multicellular

Examples Chordata, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,

Number of Cells Multicellular

Examples Chordata, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,

Examples Mushroom, yeast, mold

Examples Amoeba, Paramecium,

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