Unit 10 Endangred Species Language Focus 61e414cc0fabfrug01

UNIT 10: ENDANGERED SPECIES
LESSON 5: LANGUAGE FOCUS
I. PRONUNCIATION
UNIT 10: ENDANGERED SPECIES
LESSON 5: LANGUAGE FOCUS
GRAMMAR
Modal verbs: expressing degrees of certainty
1. Expressing certainty (or near certainty) about now or
generally.
Must/ can’t/ couldn’t
Ex1: His light are on so I’m pretty sure Dan is at home.
Dan must be at home as his lights are on.
2. Expressing certainty (or near certainty) about the past.
Must/ can’t/ couldn’t + perfect infinitive (have + pp)
Ex: Mary can’t have forgotten about the party. I reminded her this
morning.
3.Expressing possibility about now , the future or generally.
Could /may/ might
Ex: You should talk to your doctor first because that diet could/may
/might be dangerous.
Ex: He may be in his office (= Perhaps he is in his office)
4. Expressing possibility about the real past.
Could /may/ might +perfect infinitive (have+pp).
Ex: I am not sure but that could /may/might have been the doctor who
rang earlier while we were out.
*mustn’t : It’s important not to do sth/You are not
allowed to do sth.
Ex: This is a valuable book. It’s important not to lose
it. You mustn’t lose it.
*needn’t do sth : It’s not necessary for sb to do sth
Ex: We’ve got plenty of time. It’s unnecessary for us
to leave yet. We needn’t leave yet. We don’t need to
do yet.
-need + to infinitive: (need: ordinary verb)
Ex: I need to get up early every day.
- S (things) + need + v-ing/ to be + pp .
Ex: I need to have my hair cut twice a year.
My hair needs cutting/ needs to be cut.
-needn’t have + pp: always refers to an action that
happened.
Ex: I needn’t have picked Tom up at the airport. (I
went there but it wasn’t necessary.)
** should (not) have + pp: criticising past behaviour.

Ex: He should have made more of an effort with his
diet. (He didn’t make an effort).
Ex: You should have been here an hour ago. (But you
weren’t.)
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences, using may/might with
one of the verbs in the box.
bite break need rain slip wake
1. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It might rain later.
2. Don’t make too much noise. You ______________
may/might wake the baby up.
3. Be careful of that dog. It ___________________
may/might bite you.
4. I don’t think we should throw that letter away. We ______________
may/might need it
later
may/might slip
5. Be careful. The footpath is icy. You ___________________ .
may/might break
6. I don’t want the children to play in this room. They _______________
something
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences, using needn’t with one of
the verbs in the box.
ask come explain leave tell walk
1. We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t leave yet.
2. I can manage the shopping alone. You _______________
needn’t come with me.
3. We _______________
need’t walk all the way home. We can get a taxi.
4. Just help yourself if you’d like something to eat. You __________just
needn’t ask
5. We can keep this a secret between needn’t tell
ourselves. We
_________________ anybody else.
needn’t explain
6. I understand the situation perfectly. You _________________ further.
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t
1. We haven’t got much time. We must hurry.

2. We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t hurry.
3. We have enough food at home so we ______
needn’t go shopping today.
4. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ________
must remember to post it.
5. Jim gave me a letter to post. I _________
mustn’t forget to post it.
6. There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You _________
needn’t
decide now.
needn’t
7. You __________ wash those tomatoes. They’ve already been washed.
8. This is a valuable book. You ___________
must look after it carefully and
you _________
mustn’t lose it.
Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning
stays the same.
1. It isn’t necessary for you to water these plants.
You needn’t ..................
2. You are not allowed to park here.
You ..........................
3. I am sure that you were exhausted after such a long journey.
You
4. You don’t have to come with me if you don’t want to.
You ...........................
Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning
stays the same.
1. It isn’t necessary for you to water these plants.

You needn’t water these plants.
2. You are not allowed to park here.
You mustn’t park here.
3. I am sure that you were exhausted after such a long journey.
You must have been exhausted after such a long journey .
4. You don’t have to come with me if you don’t want to.
You needn’t come with me if you don’t want to.
We mustn’t cut trees.
We must protect the forests.

He must
must.......
protect animals.
He mustn’t ...........
shoot animals.
- Practise reading Rhythm again
- Prepare new lesson : Test yourself D

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UNIT 10: ENDANGERED SPECIES

LESSON 5: LANGUAGE FOCUS

** should (not) have + pp: criticising past behaviour.

1. We haven’t got much time. We must hurry.

1. It isn’t necessary for you to water these plants.

We must protect the forests.

- Prepare new lesson : Test yourself D

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