Optical Current Transformer

2/14/13
SELF-INTRODUCTION
• First of all, thank you for giving me this opportunity to introduce myself. My name is
JAYASHRI S. I am currently stay in koranattu karuppuur, KUMBAKONAM. I did
my schooling 12th from sri Saraswathi padasala girl’s higher secondary school ,
kumbakaonam. Currently I am pursuing BE.EEE belong to in Arasu engineering
collage, I am a self-motivated, ,hard working and disciplined soul. I am always keep
top-skill myself by learning new things whenever I get a chance
• My short term goal is to get a job in reputed company, my long a term goal is to
achieve position where am I can build a good my Career. If you have any specific
question, please ask ,I will be glad to answer that’. OK
• That's all about me. Thanks again for this opportunity
2/14/13
Optical
Current
Transformer
(OCT)
OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

WORKING PRINCIPLE

CONVENTIONAL CURRENT TRANSFORMER

OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSFORMER

DESIGN OF OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSFORMER

APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any
power system instrumentation.

OCT’s defined as sensors that directly or indirectly use optical
sensing methods to measure electric currents .
Different types of OCT
Based on Faraday effect
Based on interferometric principle
Based on Bragg Grating
Micromechanical sensors with optical readout

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Magnetic OCT measures the electric current by means of faraday effect.

Faraday effects comprises of two principles :
Polarization of light
Polarization is a property of certain types of waves that describes the

orientation of their oscillations.
Polarization of light are mainly of three types :


Linear polarization
 Circular polarization
 Elliptical polarization
Different Polarization Types
Linear polarization : when x and y
components of the electric field vector
E are in phase.
Circular polarization : when x and y

components of the field vector E have
same amplitude and are 900 phase
out.
Elliptical polarization: when phase

and amplitude of the x and y
components are different. (a) Linear Polarization
(b) Circular polarization
(c) Elliptical polarization
Birefringerence (or Double Refraction)
It is the phenomenon of splitting up of a light ray into o-ray and e-ray

when passed through an anisotropic material.
Birefringerence are of two types :
1. Linear birefringerance
2. Circular birefringerance
FARADAY EFFECT :
“Michael Faraday discovered that the

orientation of a linearly polarized light was rotated
under the influence of the magnetic field when the
light propagated in a piece of glass and the
rotation angle was proportional to the intensity of
the magnetic field”
Intensity, I=I0 cos2 ( - 45)

By considering this property , Faraday’s mathematical equation is given by :
μ0 = the free-space permeability

I = current to be measured,
V=verdet constant,
P = permeability of the material,
N = number of turns of the optical path.
The Faraday effect outlined in equation is a better format to apply to an MOCT,

because the rotation angle in this case is directly related to the enclosed electric
current.
Conventional Current Transformer
The most used device for the measurement
of alternating current.
Construction consists of a ferromagnetic

core entirely enclosing the conductor.
The secondary winding has to be isolated

from high voltages to prevent short circuits.
Therefore the transformers are filled with

oils. It also helps in dissipating the heat.
The 10 current is translated to the 20

current by the turns ratio (n).
The 20 is measured with an ampere meter

in most of the cases.
The basic principle is the Amperes law.

Optical Current Transformer
MOCT ‘s are another type of
transducers ,which are highly immune to
EMI
MOCT uses optical sensing methods to

measure electric currents.
In the sensors several properties of the

signal carrier(light) can be influenced
MOCT’s are mainly based on Faraday

Effect.
The Optical Current transformer basically

consists of: light source, fibre optic cable,
polarizer, modulator and electronics part.
The MOCT consists mainly of electronic and optic part.
Light from a source enters an optical fibre polariser, which splits into two linear orthogonally
polarized light.
Light enters into the sensing head that includes a quarter wave plate .
Quarter wave plate splits the two linear orthogonal waves into right and left hand circularly
polarized waves.
Two waves travel at different speeds around the sensing fibre.
The difference in speed is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
Two waves reflects of a mirror and circular polarization of two waves gets reversed .
They travelled in the opposite direction of the magnetic field.
Finally ,two waves again reach the quarter wave plate and linear polarisation gets regained.
Design of Optical Current Transformer
Design is divided into two parts: the electronics part and the optical
Design of the electronics part again divided into analog model and digital model
The analog model of the electronics part is modelled with complex curve fitting method
This method is basically to obtain the transfer function model

The transfer function obtained is iterated by the Gauss-Newton method to increase the
accuracy
The above analog model is converted to the digital model by bilinear transformation
The bilinear transformation changes stable continuous time system to stable discrete time
system
Thus the digital model H(z) is obtained from the analog model H(s)
The optics model is developed using Jones Calculus method
E0 and Ei represents the output and input energy.
In Jones calculus method polarised light is represented by a corresponding Jones Vector
And the optical element is represented by a corresponding Jones Matrix

APPLICATIONS
The MOCT is designed to operate in a transparent manner with modern

electronic meters and digital relays, which have been adopted for a low energy
analog signal interface.
Makes the output signal insensitive to shock & vibration.
Most suited for outdoor type applications. Eg.substations
Accurate measurement of fault currents.

ADVANTAGES
No risks of fires & explosions.
High immunity to Electromagnetic interferences.
Wide frequency response.
Larger Dynamic Range.
Low voltage outputs-compatible with the inputs of digital to analog converters.
No need to use metallic wires to transfer the signal and so simpler insulation structure
than conventional current transformer.
OCT analog output may have significant white noise , but the white noise does not affect the
accuracy or protection performance.
Temperature up to 500c do not adversely affect the performance of the OCT.
No requirement for oil or gas insulation system , environmentally safe.
No magnetic core ferroresonance or saturation limits.
Total isolation from surges for microprocessor based meters and relays.
CONCLUSION
A new type of current transducer is introduced known as magneto optical

current transducer.
This magneto optical current transducer eliminates many of the drawbacks of

the conventional current transformers.
By applying Faraday’s principle this transducer provides an easier and more

accurate way of current measurements. This MOCT is widely used in power
systems and substations nowadays.
Thank you

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2/14/13

• That's all about me. Thanks again for this opportunity

Based on Faraday effect

Based on interferometric principle

Based on Bragg Grating

Micromechanical sensors with optical readout

Magnetic OCT measures the electric current by means of faraday effect.

Polarization is a property of certain types of waves that describes the

Polarization of light are mainly of three types :

Circular polarization : when x and y

Elliptical polarization: when phase

It is the phenomenon of splitting up of a light ray into o-ray and e-ray

Birefringerence are of two types :

“Michael Faraday discovered that the

Intensity, I=I0 cos2 ( - 45)

μ0 = the free-space permeability

The Faraday effect outlined in equation is a better format to apply to an MOCT,

Construction consists of a ferromagnetic

The secondary winding has to be isolated

Therefore the transformers are filled with

The 10 current is translated to the 20

The 20 is measured with an ampere meter

The basic principle is the Amperes law.

MOCT uses optical sensing methods to

In the sensors several properties of the

MOCT’s are mainly based on Faraday

The Optical Current transformer basically

The difference in speed is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.

They travelled in the opposite direction of the magnetic field.

This method is basically to obtain the transfer function model

E0 and Ei represents the output and input energy.

In Jones calculus method polarised light is represented by a corresponding Jones Vector

And the optical element is represented by a corresponding Jones Matrix

The MOCT is designed to operate in a transparent manner with modern

Makes the output signal insensitive to shock & vibration.

Most suited for outdoor type applications. Eg.substations

Accurate measurement of fault currents.

High immunity to Electromagnetic interferences.

Wide frequency response.

Larger Dynamic Range.

Low voltage outputs-compatible with the inputs of digital to analog converters.

Temperature up to 500c do not adversely affect the performance of the OCT.

No requirement for oil or gas insulation system , environmentally safe.

No magnetic core ferroresonance or saturation limits.

A new type of current transducer is introduced known as magneto optical

This magneto optical current transducer eliminates many of the drawbacks of

By applying Faraday’s principle this transducer provides an easier and more

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