2-d Arrays

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Two Dimensional Arrays
 We have seen that an array variable can store
a list of values
 Many applications require us to store a table
of values

Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Subject 5

Student 1 75 82 90 65 76
Student 2 68 75 80 70 72
Student 3
88 74 85 76 80
Student 4
50 65 68 40 70
2
Contd.
 The table contains a total of 20 values, five
in each line
 The table can be regarded as a matrix
consisting of four rows and five columns
 C allows us to define such tables of items
by using two-dimensional arrays

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Declaring 2-D Arrays
 General form:
type array_name [row_size][column_size];
 Examples:
int marks[4][5];
float sales[12][25];
double matrix[100][100];

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Initializing 2-d arrays
 int a[2][3] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};
 int a[2][3] = {{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}};
 int a[][3] = {{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}};

All of the above will give the 2x3 array

1 2 3
4 5 6

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Accessing Elements of a 2-d
Array
 Similar to that for 1-d array, but use two indices
 First indicates row, second indicates column
 Both the indices should be expressions which
evaluate to integer values (within range of the sizes
mentioned in the array declaration)
 Examples:
x[m][n] = 0;
c[i][k] += a[i][j] * b[j][k];
a = sqrt (a[j*3][k]);

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Example
int a[3][5];

A two-dimensional array of 15 elements

Can be looked upon as a table of 3 rows and 5 columns

col0 col1 col2 col3 col4

row0 a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[0][4]
row1 a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[1][4]
row2 a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3] a[2][4]

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How is a 2-d array is stored in
memory?
 Starting from a given memory location, the elements
are stored row-wise in consecutive memory locations
(row-major order)
 x: starting address of the array in memory
 c: number of columns
 k: number of bytes allocated per array element
 a[i][j]  is allocated memory location at
address x + (i * c + j) * k
a[0]0] a[0][1] a[0]2] a[0][3] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]

Row 0 Row 1 Row 2

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Array Addresses Output

3221224480
int main() 3221224484
{ 3221224488
int a[3][5]; 3221224492
3221224496
int i,j;
3221224500
for (i=0; i<3;i++) 3221224504
3221224508
{ 3221224512
for (j=0; j<5; j++) printf("%u\n", &a[i][j]); 3221224516
printf("\n");
3221224520
} 3221224524
return 0; 3221224528
} 3221224532
3221224536
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How to read the elements of a
2-d array?
 By reading them one element at a time
for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)
for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
scanf (“%f”, &a[i][j]);
 The ampersand (&) is necessary
 The elements can be entered all in one
line or in different lines

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How to print the elements of a
2-d array?
 By printing them one element at a time
for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)
for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
printf (“\n %f”, a[i][j]);
 The elements are printed one per line

for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)

for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
printf (“%f”, a[i][j]);
 The elements are all printed on the same line

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Contd.
for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)
{
printf (“\n”);
for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
printf (“%f ”, a[i][j]);
}
 The elements are printed nicely in matrix form

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Example: Matrix Addition
int main()
{ for (p=0; p<m; p++)
int a[100][100], b[100][100], for (q=0; q<n; q++)
c[100][100], p, q, m, n; c[p][q] = a[p][q] + b[p][q];

scanf (“%d %d”, &m, &n); for (p=0; p<m; p++)

{
for (p=0; p<m; p++) printf (“\n”);
for (q=0; q<n; q++) for (q=0; q<n; q++)
scanf (“%d”, &a[p][q]);
printf (“%d ”, c[p][q]);
for (p=0; p<m; p++) }
for (q=0; q<n; q++) return 0;
scanf (“%d”, &b[p][q]); }
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Passing 2-d Arrays as Parameters
 Similar to that for 1-D arrays
 The array contents are not copied into the function
 Rather, the address of the first element is passed
 For calculating the address of an element in a 2-d array, we
need:
 The starting address of the array in memory
 Number of bytes per element
 Number of columns in the array
 The above three pieces of information must be known to the
function

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Example Usage
void add (int x[][25], int y[]
[25], int rows, int cols)
int main() {
{ :
int a[15][25], b[15]25]; }
:
:
add (a, b, 15, 25);
:
} We can also write
int x[15][25], y[15][25];
But at least 2nd dimension
must be given
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Example: Matrix Addition with Functions
void ReadMatrix(int A[][100], int x, int y)
{
int i, j;
for (i=0; i<x; i++)
for (j=0; j<y; j++)
scanf (“%d”, &A[i][j]);
}

void AddMatrix( int A[][100], int B[][100], int C[][100], int x, int y)
{
int i , j;
for (i=0; i<x; i++)
for (j=0; j<y; j++)
C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
} 16
 int main()
{
void PrintMatrix(int A[][100], int x, int y) int a[100][100], b[100][100],
{ c[100][100], p, q, m, n;
int i, j;
printf(“\n”); scanf (“%d%d”, &m, &n);
for (i=0; i<x; i++)
{ ReadMatrix(a, m, n);
for (j=0; j<y; j++) ReadMatrix(b, m, n);
printf (“ %5d”, A[i][j]);
printf(“\n”); AddMatrix(a, b, c, m, n);
}
} PrintMatrix(c, m, n);
return 0;
}
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Practice Problems
1. Write a function that takes an n x n square matrix A as parameter (n < 100)
and returns 1 if A is an upper-triangular matrix, 0 otherwise.
2. Repeat 1 to check for lower-triangular matrix, diagonal matrix, identity matrix
3. Write a function that takes as parameter an m x n matrix A (m, n < 100) and
returns the transpose of A (modifies in A only).
4. Consider an n x n matrix containing only 0 or 1. Write a function that takes
such a matrix and returns 1 if the number of 1’s in each row are the same
and the number of 1’s in each column are the same; it returns 0 otherwise
5. Write a function that reads in an m x n matrix A and an n x p matrix B, and
returns the product of A and B in another matrix C. Pass appropriate
parameters.

For each of the above, also write a main function that reads the matrices, calls
the function, and prints the results (a message, the transposed matrix etc.)

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Structures

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What is a Structure?
 Used for handling a group of logically related
data items
 Examples:
 Student name, roll number, and marks
 Real part and complex part of a complex number

 Helps in organizing complex data in a more

meaningful way
 The individual structure elements are called
members
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Defining a Structure
struct tag {
member 1;
member 2;
:
member m;
};

 struct is the required C keyword

 tag is the name of the structure
 member 1, member 2, … are individual member
declarations
 Do not forget the ; at the end!
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Contd.
 The individual members can be ordinary variables,
pointers, arrays, or other structures (any data type)
 The member names within a particular structure must be
distinct from one another
 A member name can be the same as the name of a variable
defined outside of the structure
 Once a structure has been defined, the individual
structure-type variables can be declared as:
struct tag var_1, var_2, …, var_n;

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Example
 A structure definition
struct student {
char name[30];
int roll_number;
int total_marks;
char dob[10];
};

 Defining structure variables:

struct student a1, a2, a3;

A new data-type
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A Compact Form
 It is possible to combine the declaration of the
structure with that of the structure variables:

struct tag {
member 1;
member 2;
:
member m;
} var_1, var_2,…, var_n;

 Declares three variables of type struct tag

 In this form, tag is optional 24
Accessing a Structure
 The members of a structure are processed
individually, as separate entities
 Each member is a separate variable
 A structure member can be accessed by writing
variable.member
where variable refers to the name of a
structure-type variable, and member refers to
the name of a member within the structure
 Examples:
a1.name, a2.name, a1.roll_number, a3.dob

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Example: Complex number addition
struct complex
{
float real; Defines the structure
float img;
};
int main()
{ Declares 3 variable of type struct complex

struct complex a, b, c;
scanf (“%f %f”, &a.real, &a.img); Accessing the variables is the same
scanf (“%f %f”, &b.real, &b.img); as any other variable, just have to
c.real = a.real + b.real; follow the syntax to specify which field
of the Structure you want
c.img = a.img + b.img;
printf (“\n %f + %f j”, c.real, c.img);
return 0;
}
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Operations on Structure Variables
 Unlike arrays, a structure variable can be directly
assigned to another structure variable of the same type
a1 = a2;
 All the individual members get assigned

 Two structure variables cannot be compared for

equality or inequality
if (a1 == a2)…… this cannot be done

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Arrays of Structures
 Once a structure has been defined, we can
declare an array of structures
struct student class[50];
type name

 The individual members can be accessed as:

class[i].name
class[5].roll_number

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Example: Reading and Printing Array of Structures

int main()
{
struct complex A[100];
int n;
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf(“%f%f”, &A[i].real, &A[i].img);
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
printf(“%f + i%f\n”, A[i].real, A[i].img);
}

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Arrays within Structures
 A structure member can be an array
struct student
{
char name[30];
int roll_number;
int marks[5];
char dob[10];
} a1, a2, a3;
 The array element within the structure can be
accessed as:
a1.marks[2], a1.dob[3],…
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Structure Initialization
 Structure variables may be initialized following
similar rules of an array. The values are
provided within the second braces separated by
commas
 An example:
struct complex a={1.0,2.0}, b={-3.0,4.0};

a.real=1.0; a.img=2.0;
b.real=-3.0; b.img=4.0;
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Parameter Passing in a
Function
 Structure variables can be passed as
parameters like any other variables. Only
the values will be copied during function
invocation
int chkEqual(struct complex a, struct complex b)
{
if ((a.real==b.real) && (a.img==b.img))
return 1;
else return 0;
}
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Returning Structures
 It is also possible to return structure values
from a function. The return data type of the
function should be as same as the data type of
the structure itself
struct complex add(struct complex a, struct complex b)
{
struct complex tmp;

tmp.real = a.real + b.real;

tmp.img = a.img + b.img;
return(tmp);
}
Direct arithmetic operations are not possible with structure variables
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Defining Data Type: using typedef
 One may define a structure data-type with a single
name
typedef struct newtype {
member-variable1;
member-variable2;
.
member-variableN;
} mytype;

 mytype is the name of the new data-type

 Also called an alias for struct newtype
 Writing the tag name newtype is optional, can be
skipped
 Naming follows rules of variable naming 34
typedef : An example
typedef struct {
float real;
float imag;
} _COMPLEX;

 Defined a new data type named _COMPLEX. Now

can declare and use variables of this type

_COMPLEX a, b, c;

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More about typedef
 Note: typedef is not restricted to just structures,
can define new types from any existing type
 Example:
 typedef int INTEGER
 Defines a new type named INTEGER from the
known type int
 Can now define variables of type INTEGER which
will have all properties of the int type

INTEGER a, b, c;

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The earlier program using typedef
typedef struct{
float real;
float img;
} _COMPLEX;

_COMPLEX add(_COMPLEX a, _COMPLEX b)

{
_COMPLEX tmp;

tmp.real = a.real + b.real;

tmp.img = a.img + b.img;
return(tmp);
}

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Contd.
void print (_COMPLEX a)
{
Output
printf("(%f, %f) \n",a.real,a.img); (4.000000, 5.000000)
} (10.000000, 15.000000)
(14.000000, 20.000000)
int main()
{
_COMPLEX x={4.0,5.0}, y={10.0,15.0}, z;

print(x);
print(y);
z = add(x,y);
print(z);
return 0;
}

swap.c 38
Practice Problems
1. Extend the complex number program to include functions for addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division
2. Define a structure for representing a point in two-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinate
system. Using this structure for a point
1. Write a function to return the distance between two given
points
2. Write a function to return the middle point of the line segment
joining two given points
3. Write a function to compute the area of a triangle formed by
three given points
4. Write a main function and call the functions from there after
reading in appropriate inputs (the points) from the keyboard

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3. Define a structure STUDENT to store the following data for a student: name (null-
terminated string of length at most 20 chars), roll no. (integer), CGPA (float). Then
1. In main, declare an array of 100 STUDENT structures. Read
an integer n and then read in the details of n students in this
array
2. Write a function to search the array for a student by name.
Returns the structure for the student if found. If not found,
return a special structure with the name field set to empty
string (just a ‘\0’)
3. Write a function to search the array for a student by roll no.
4. Write a function to print the details of all students with CGPA
> x for a given x
5. Call the functions from the main after reading in name/roll
no/CGPA to search
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