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    Carbon Nanotube

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    AHMAD AL AZZAM
    The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their classification, properties, synthesis methods, and applications. It describes single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and how they can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. Methods of producing carbon nanotubes include arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Carbon nanotubes have properties including high flexibility, elasticity, thermal and electrical conductivity, and tensile strength.

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    Carbon Nanotube

    Uploaded by

    AHMAD AL AZZAM
    34 views45 pages
    The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their classification, properties, synthesis methods, and applications. It describes single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and how they can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. Methods of producing carbon nanotubes include arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Carbon nanotubes have properties including high flexibility, elasticity, thermal and electrical conductivity, and tensile strength.

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    The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their classification, properties, synthesis methods, and applications. It describes single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and how they can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. Methods of producing carbon nanotubes include arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Carbon nanotubes have properties including high flexibility, elasticity, thermal and electrical conductivity, and tensile strength.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    34 views45 pages

    Carbon Nanotube

    Uploaded by

    AHMAD AL AZZAM
    The document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their classification, properties, synthesis methods, and applications. It describes single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and how they can be metallic or semiconducting depending on their structure. Methods of producing carbon nanotubes include arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition. Carbon nanotubes have properties including high flexibility, elasticity, thermal and electrical conductivity, and tensile strength.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 45

    University of Babylon

    College of Engineering
    Electrical Engineering

    Carbon
    Nanotubes
    Supervised by
    Prepared by
    Prof. Dr.
    Outline
    - What are carbon nanotubes?

    - Classification of carbon nanotubes

    - Properties of Carbon Nanotubes


    Electronic
    Mechanical
    Thermal

    - Methods of Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

    - Application of Carbon Nanotubes


    What are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) ?

     Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered by Ijimain Japan in


    1991.

     A carbon nanotube is a graphene sheet (with carbon atoms appearing in


    a hexagonal pattern) rolled up to form a hollow cylinder with diameters
    typically measured in nanometers.

     The graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up chicken wire with
    a continuous unbroken hexagonal mesh and carbon molecules at the
    apexes of the hexagons.
     A diameter measuring on the nanometer scale. A nanometer is one-
    billionth of a meter, or about 10,000 times smaller than a human hair.

    Carbon nanotubes often refer to:-

     Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with diameters in the range of


    a nanometer.

     Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) consisting of nested single-


    wall carbon nanotubes.
    Classification of carbon nanotubes

     Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCTN)

    (SWCNTs) are one-dimensional


    allotropes of carbon atoms with
    sp2 hybridization prepared by
    rolling graphene sheets up to
    adopt a tubular morphology.
    Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCTN)
    are a special form of carbon nanotubes in which multiple single-walled
    carbon nanotubes are nested inside one another.
    Russian Doll

    When a carbon nanotube contains another


    nano-tube inside it and the outer nanotube
    has a greater diameter than thinner nanotube,
    it is called the Russian Doll model
    Parchment Model

    On another hand, when a single graphene sheet is wrapped around itself


    manifold times, the same as a rolled-up scroll of paper, it is called the
    Parchment Model.
    They can be characterized by the rolling up of a graphene sheet along
    several orientations from the basic chiral vector, leading to materials with
    different properties, SWNTs can behave as either metals or
    semiconductors.
    Zig-Zag Armchair
    Armchair nanotubes – so called because of the armchair-like
    shape of their edges – have identical chiral indices and are
    highly desired for their perfect conductivity.

    They are unlike zigzag nanotubes, which may be


    semiconductors. Turning a graphene sheet a mere 30 degrees
    will change the nanotube it forms from armchair to zigzag or
    vice versa.
    Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are always conducting and
    achieve at least the same level of conductivity as metals, SWCNTs'
    conductivity depends on their chiral vector: they can behave like a metal
    and be electrically conducting; display the properties of a semi-conductor;
    or be non-conducting.

    For example, a slight change in the pitch of the helicity can transform the
    tube from a metal into a large-gap semiconductor.
    Note that:
    Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are different than carbon nanofibers (CNFs).
    CNFs are usually several micrometers long and have a diameter of about
    200 nm. Carbon fibers have been used for decades to strengthen compound
    but they do not have the same lattice structure as CNTs. Instead, they
    consist of a combination of several forms of carbon and/or several layers
    of graphite, which are stacked at various angles on amorphous carbon
    (where atoms do not arrange themselves in ordered structures).

    CNFs have similar properties as CNTs, but their tensile strength is lower
    owing to their variable structure and they are not hollow inside
    How are carbon nanotubes made?
    Three main methods are currently available for the production of CNTs:
     arc discharge,

     laser ablation of graphite,


     chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
    Properties of CNTs
     Highly Flexible
     Very Elastic
     High Thermal Conductivity
     Good Electron Field Emitters
     High Electrical Conductivity
     Very High Tensile Strength
    Applications of SWCNTs
     Gas absorption and capillarity
     lithium batteries
     In Carbon nanotube monitor(flat panel displays)
     Antibacterial nanotubes(anodes in biomedicine)
     shielding for electromagnetic radiation,
     for Cathodes in X-ray equipment
     Energy Storage
    CNTFET Technology

     Carbon nanotube based FET devices are getting more and more
    importance today because of their high channel mobility and improved
    gate capacitance versus voltage characteristics.
     CNTFET stand for carbon Nano tube Field Effect Transistor. CNTFET
    is FET which uses carbon Nano tube as Carbon Nano Tube as the
    channel.
    Why CNTFET?

     As the size becomes smaller, scaling the silicon MOSFET becomes


    harder.
     Requirement of high performance channel material.
     Mobility enhancement technology requirement.
    The main advantages of this type of transistors are :
    1) higher current density,
    2) lower power consumption with respect to silicon versions, and
    3) faster operation speed
    There are Three main topologies to design CNT field-effect transistors
    Based on geometry:-
     Top Gate
     Bottom Gate
     Coaxial Gate
    Coaxial gate CNTFET
     Gate all around geometry.
     More electrostatic control over channel.
    Bottom gate CNTFET
    The devices displayed high on-state resistance of several MQ, low
    transconductance(-Ins)and no current saturation, and they required high gate
    voltages(several volts)to turn them on.
    Top gate CNTFET
    This structure gives better out-turn than early structure. The improvement
    comes from the scaling of the dimension and the adoption of better device
    geometry as well as the device performance .
    Working principle
     Basic principle operation of CNFET is the same as MOSFET where
    electrons are supplied by source terminal and drain terminal will collect
    these electrons.
     In other words, current is actually flowing from drain to source terminal.
     Gate terminal controls current intensity in the transistor channel and the
    transistor is in off state if no gate voltage is applied
    • The nanotube is metallic if n=m or n-m=3i, where i is an integer.
    Otherwise, the tube is semiconducting.
    • The diameter of the CNT can be calculated based on the
    following

    • where a0 = 0.142 nm is the interatomic distance between each


    carbon atom and its neighbor
    • where (n) and (m) are chirality of CNT
    • The threshold voltage is defined as the voltage required to turn
    on the transistor. The threshold voltage of the intrinsic CNT
    channel can be approximated to the first order as the half
    bandgap, which is an inverse function of the diameter.

    𝐸𝑔 √ 3 𝑎𝑉 𝜋 V
    𝑉 𝑇h ≈ ≈
    2 𝑒 3 𝑒 𝐷 𝐶𝑁𝑇
    Biosensor
    Definition: A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological
    response into an electrical signal. The term 'biosensor' is often used to
    cover sensor devices used in order to determine the concentration of
    substances and other parameters of biological interest even where they do
    not utilize a biological system directly.

    CNTFET biosensor
    The connection of specific CNTs between the two electrodes is acted as
    conductive channel, and introducing a gate electrode, importing gate
    source voltage to control conduction or close
     Because of these unique characteristics, CNTFET biosensor has been
    widely used in the field of biology, such as protein, glucose, enzyme,
    anti-gen and antibody molecules, DNA molecules, bacteria
     Exhibiting a structural model, CNTs is acted as conductive channel
    between the two electrodes to absorb biomolecules
    Nanotube-Based Biosensor System
    Digital Signal -Ternary
    References
    [1] Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review” Thet Tin and Sujan Debnath
    [2] Use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) with Polymers in Solar Cells” Huda A. Alturaif 1,†, Zeid A. ALOthman
    [3] Carbon nanotube field effect transistor” Sushmita Dandeliyaa and Anurag Srivastava
    [4] THE ROLE OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN NANOBIOMEDICINES” ANAMIKA S., AVIRAL J., ARVIND G.
    [5] Carbon nanotubes and graphene for photonic applications” © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
    [6] Semiconducting and Metallic Carbon Nanotubes” Mike Ranis, Francisco Alvarado

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